{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:14:23Z","timestamp":1790374463725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017ZX10201101002-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10201101002-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011785","name":"Science and Technology Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of CRF07_BC is 39.7% and has become the most infectious HIV strain in China. To study the transmission and diffusion trajectory of CRF07_BC in China and to prevent further expansion of its transmission. A total of 16,635 sequences of the CRF07_BC <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic> gene were collected from 1997-2020. We characterized the gene subtypes according to a phylogenetic tree analysis. A 0.50% molecular network was constructed to analyze the transmission relationship among different provinces for CRF07_BC and its two epidemic clusters. Spatial and temporal propagation characteristics were analyzed according to phylogeographic analysis. Finally, we evaluated the differences in transmission of CRF07_BC-O, and CRF07_BC-N. Our dataset included 8,816 sequences of CRF07_BC-N and 7,819 sequences of CRF07_BC-O. There were 7,132 CRF07_BC sequences in the molecular network, and the rate of clustered was 42.9%. Compared to CRF07_BC-O, CRF07_BC-N showed significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001) higher transmission-specific rates. CRF07_BC originated among injecting drug users (IDUs), and spread to men who have sex with men (MSMs) and heterosexual individuals (HETs), while MSMs also transmitted directly to HETs. CRF07_BC-O and CRF07_BC-N were prevalent in Xinjiang and Sichuan, respectively, before spreading interprovincially. In modern China, CRF07_BC-N occurs in five of the major economic zones. The CRF07_BC strain, which has contributed to the highest number of HIV infections in China, is divided into two epidemic clusters. Compared with CRF07_BC-O, risk of transmission is much greater in CRF07_BC-N, which is predominantly prevalent in economically developed provinces, and both MSMs and IDUs have transmitted this epidemic cluster to HETs. High-resolution, large-scale monitoring is a useful tool in assessing the trend and spread of the HIV epidemic. The rapidly developing economy of China requires an equally rapid response to the prevention and control of infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T04:48:32Z","timestamp":1644814112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Spatiotemporal Patterns of CRF07_BC in China: A Population-Based Study of the HIV Strain With the Highest Infection Rates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengze","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingjie","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1003-9279.1999.02.002","article-title":"[The Identification of Recombinant HIV-1 Strains in IDUs in Southwest and Northwest China]","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.23.11367-11376.2000","article-title":"Characterization of a Virtually Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome of a Prevalent Intersubtype (C\/B') Recombinant Strain in China","volume":"74","author":"Su","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19279","article-title":"Geographic Origin and Evolutionary History of China\u2019s Two Predominant HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Forms, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328351430d","article-title":"Tracing the Origin and History of HIV-1 Subtype B' Epidemic by Near Full-Length Genome Analyses","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(95)90792-0","article-title":"HIV-1 Subtype C in China","volume":"345","author":"Luo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200001070-00009","article-title":"Overland Heroin Trafficking Routes and HIV-1 Spread in South and South-East Asia","volume":"14","author":"Beyrer","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2020.132","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of HIV-1-Circulating Strains Among Pre-Treatment Patients in Tibet","volume":"33","author":"Wangmo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Environ Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199408000-00017","article-title":"Injecting Drug Use and HIV Infection in Southwest China","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1978822","article-title":"HIV-1 CRF07_BC Transmission Dynamics in China: Two Decades of National Molecular Surveillance","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16708","article-title":"Trends of HIV Subtypes and Phylogenetic Dynamics Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in China, 2009-2014","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13419\/j.cnki.aids.2021.02.02","article-title":"Characteristics of Inter-Provincial Transmission of Newly Reported HIV-1 Infected People in 2018","volume":"27","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J AIDS\/STD"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047289","article-title":"A Comprehensive Mapping of HIV-1 Genotypes in Various Risk Groups and Regions Across China Based on a Nationwide Molecular Epidemiologic Survey","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy016","article-title":"HIV-TRACE (TRAnsmission Cluster Engine): A Tool for Large Scale Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 and Other Rapidly Evolving Pathogens","volume":"35","author":"Kosakovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040023","article-title":"Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions in the Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans and Chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"HIV Cluster and Outbreak Detection and Response | Guidance | Program Resources | HIV\/AIDS | CDC2021"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075","article-title":"Bayesian Phylogenetics With BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7","volume":"29","author":"Drummond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss265","article-title":"Improving Bayesian Population Dynamics Inference: A Coalescent-Based Model for Multiple Loci","volume":"30","author":"Gill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040088","article-title":"Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dating With Confidence","volume":"4","author":"Drummond","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256739","article-title":"HIV Epidemiology. The Early Spread and Epidemic Ignition of HIV-1 in Human Populations","volume":"346","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","article-title":"Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7","volume":"67","author":"Rambaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw082","article-title":"SpreaD3: Interactive Visualization of Spatiotemporal History and Trait Evolutionary Processes","volume":"33","author":"Bielejec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1884004","article-title":"The Prevalence of CRF55_01B Among HIV-1 Strain and Its Connection With Traffic Development in China","volume":"10","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000520","article-title":"Bayesian Phylogeography Finds Its Roots","volume":"5","author":"Lemey","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-007-0120-8","article-title":"Counting Labeled Transitions in Continuous-Time Markov Models of Evolution","volume":"56","author":"Minin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151478","article-title":"Characterization of HIV Transmission in South-East Austria","volume":"11","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv758","article-title":"Transmission of Non-B HIV Subtypes in the United Kingdom Is Increasingly Driven by Large Non-Heterosexual Transmission Clusters","volume":"213","author":"Ragonnet-Cronin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800527","article-title":"Cell Reservoirs in Lymph Nodes Infected With HIV-1 Subtype E Differ From Subtype B: Identification by Combined in Situ Polymerase Chain Reaction and Immunohistochemistry","volume":"19","author":"Bhoopat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824178\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T04:48:42Z","timestamp":1644814122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824178\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"article-number":"824178"}}