{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:46:12Z","timestamp":1789717572961,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005961","name":"Universidad Nacional de Cuyo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by parasites belonging to the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> genus for which there is no vaccine available for human use. Thus, the aims of this study are to evaluate the immunoprotective effect of a first-generation vaccine against <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic> and to identify its immunodominant antigens. BALB\/c mice were inoculated with phosphate buffer sodium (PBS), total <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic> antigens (TLAs), or TLA with Poly (I:C) and Montanide ISA 763. The humoral and cellular immune response was evaluated before infection. IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were measured on serum, and IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines as well as cell proliferation were measured on a splenocyte culture from vaccinated mice. Immunized mice were challenged with 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> infective parasites of <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic> on the footpad. After infection, the protection provided by the vaccine was analyzed by measuring lesion size, splenic index, and parasite load on the footpad and spleen. To identify immunodominant antigens, total proteins of <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic> were separated on 2D electrophoresis gel and transferred to a membrane that was incubated with serum from immunoprotected mice. The antigens recognized by the serum were analyzed through a mass spectrometric assay (LC-MS\/MS-IT-TOF) to identify their protein sequence, which was subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The first-generation vaccine induced higher levels of antibodies, cytokines, and cell proliferation than the controls after the second dose. Mice vaccinated with TLA + Poly (I:C) + Montanide ISA 763 showed less footpad swelling, a lower splenic index, and a lower parasite load than the control groups (PBS and TLA). Four immunodominant proteins were identified by mass spectrometry: cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase, an uncharacterized protein, a kinetoplast-associated protein-like protein, and a putative heat-shock protein DNAJ. The identified proteins showed high levels of conserved sequence among species belonging to the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> genus and the Trypanosomatidae family. These proteins also proved to be phylogenetically divergent to human and canine proteins. TLA + Poly (I:C) + Montanide ISA 763 could be used as a first-generation vaccine against leishmaniasis. The four proteins identified from the whole-protein vaccine could be good antigen candidates to develop a new-generation vaccine against leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.825007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T05:04:01Z","timestamp":1652331841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identification of Immunodominant Antigens From a First-Generation Vaccine Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"German\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Mackern-Oberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Gardone","family":"Vit\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Costa","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Carvalho","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Victoria","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia Alejandra","family":"Bruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Esteban","family":"Cargnelutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Control of the Leishmaniases","year":"2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1276-0","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: New Insights From an Old and Neglected Disease","volume":"31","author":"Antinori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00208-13","article-title":"Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of Leishmania (Viannia) Organisms in Skin and Mucosal Lesions: Exploratory Study of Parasite Load and Clinical Parameters","volume":"51","author":"Jara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03154.x","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations and Classification of Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"46","author":"Akilov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.262073","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the Argentine Republic: Temporal and Geographical Distribution From 2013 to 2017","volume":"12","author":"Germano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007152","article-title":"Host and Parasite Responses in Human Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by L","volume":"13","author":"Christensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"amazonensis PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105173","article-title":"An Overview of Leishmanization Experience: A Successful Control Measure and a Tool to Evaluate Candidate Vaccines","volume":"200","author":"Mohebali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13382","article-title":"Commercially Approved Vaccines for Canine Leishmaniosis: A Review of Available Data on Their Safety and Efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1553-y","article-title":"Possibilities and Challenges for Developing a Successful Vaccine for Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Srivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxx075","article-title":"How to Master the Host Immune System? 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