{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:28:33Z","timestamp":1787678913056,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal ischemia is a common cause of many retinal diseases, leading to irreversible vision impairment and blindness. Excessive neuroinflammation, including microglial activation and T-cell responses, has been identified as a critical factor associated with neurodegeneration in retinal ischemia. Baicalein is a natural flavonoid reported to have broad anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective bioactivities. Herein, the effects of baicalein on microglia activation <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> were investigated. We found that baicalein exhibited robust anti-inflammatory effect on cultured human and mouse microglia, as demonstrated by decreased induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u03baB). Proteomic analysis further unraveled baicalein\u2019s effect on modulating IL-17 signaling pathways and its upstream regulator IL-1\u03b2. Intravitreal administration of baicalein in the mouse model of retinal ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) injury attenuated microglial activation and retinal T-cell infiltration, particularly the T helper 17 cells. Additionally, baicalein was shown to exert neuroprotective effects by significantly reducing the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss after I\/R injury, leading to an improved retinal function and spatial vision. These results suggest that baicalein, a natural flavonoid, acts as a negative regulator of activated microglia and immune responses both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, effectively alleviating neurodegeneration in retinal I\/R injury. This finding indicates that baicalein could be a potential therapeutic agent against currently incurable degenerative retinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.837497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T05:47:41Z","timestamp":1645422461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Baicalein\u2014A Potent Pro-Homeostatic Regulator of Microglia in Retinal Ischemic Injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying 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