{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:14:46Z","timestamp":1793157286107,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interactions between T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center B cells are essential for the differentiation of B cells and specific antibody responses against HIV-1 infection. However, the extent to which HIV-1 infection affects the dynamic interplay between these two cell populations in the bloodstream remains unclear. In this study, the dynamics of circulating Tfh (cTfh) and B cells and their relationship in individuals with acute and chronic HIV-1 infection were investigated. Twenty-five study subjects were enrolled from the Beijing PRIMO clinical cohort, a prospective cohort of HIV-1-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) for the identification of cases of acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) at Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University. Individuals with AHI were selected at random. Matched samples were also collected and analyzed from the same patients with chronic HIV-1 infection. None of the study subjects received antiretroviral therapy during acute or chronic infection. Multicolor flow cytometry was used for the immunophenotypic and functional characterization of cTfh cell and B cell subsets. AHI resulted in increased proportions in bulk cTfh, ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cTfh or IL-21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cTfh cells. In both acute and chronic infections, activated memory (AM), tissue-like memory (TLM), and plasmablast (PB) B cell levels were increased whilst resting memory (RM) and na\u00efve mature (NM) B cell levels were decreased. Classical memory (CM) B cells were unaffected during infection. Association analyses showed that the levels of ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cTfh and IL-21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cTfh cells were negatively correlated with those of AM, CM, RM cells, and positively correlated with those of NM cells in AHI but not chronic HIV-1 infection stage (CHI). Moreover, the frequency of IL-21<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>ICOS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>cTfh cells was also positively correlated with plasma HIV-1 viral load, and had an opposite association trend with CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell count in AHI. Our data suggests that HIV-1 infection drives the expansion of cTfh cells, which in turn leads to perturbations of B cell differentiation through ICOS signaling during acute infection stage. These findings provide insight on the role of ICOS in the regulation of cTfh\/B cell interaction during AHI and may potentially guide the design of effective strategies for restoring anti-HIV-1 immunity in the infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.837921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T10:13:51Z","timestamp":1644488031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Abnormal Shift in B Memory Cell Profile Is Associated With the Expansion of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells via ICOS Signaling During Acute HIV-1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen Ka Loon","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Moog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.06.001","article-title":"Viral and Host Factors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection","volume":"17","author":"Derdeyn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12067","article-title":"Insights Into B Cells and HIV-Specific B-Cell Responses in HIV-Infected Individuals","volume":"254","author":"Moir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12502","article-title":"B-Cell Responses to HIV Infection","volume":"275","author":"Moir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-285528","article-title":"B Cells in Early and Chronic HIV Infection: Evidence for Preservation of Immune Function Associated With Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"116","author":"Moir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328361a427","article-title":"Impairment of B-Cell Functions During HIV-1 Infection","volume":"27","author":"Amu","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000359","article-title":"Pantaleo G. 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