{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:40:08Z","timestamp":1791362408411,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Trained immunity \u2013 or innate immune memory \u2013 can be described as the long-term reprogramming of innate immune cells towards a hyperresponsive state which involves intracellular metabolic changes. Trained immunity has been linked to atherosclerosis. A subgroup of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) exhibits systemic type I interferon (IFN) pathway activation, indicating innate immune hyperactivation. Here, we studied the link between type I IFNs and trained immunity in an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      monocytic cell model and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pSS patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The training stimuli heat killed\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , muramyl dipeptide, IFN\u03b2, and patient serum were added to THP-1 cells for 24 hours, after which the cells were washed, rested for 48 hours and subsequently re-stimulated with LPS, Pam3Cys, poly I:C, IFN\u03b2 or oxLDL for 4-24 hours. PBMCs from pSS patients and healthy controls were stimulated with LPS, Pam3Cys, poly I:C or IFN\u03b2 for 0.5-24 hours.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Training with IFN\u03b2 induced elevated production of pro-atherogenic cytokines IL-6, TNF\u03b1 and\n                      <jats:italic>CCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , differential cholesterol- and glycolysis-related gene expression, and increased glucose consumption and oxLDL uptake upon re-stimulation. Type I IFN production was increased in\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      - and IFN\u03b2-trained cells after LPS re-stimulation, but was reduced after poly I:C re-stimulation. Training with muramyl dipeptide and IFN\u03b2, but not\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , affected the IFN-stimulated gene expression response to IFN\u03b2 re-stimulation. PBMCs from pSS patients consumed more glucose compared with healthy control PBMCs and tended to produce more TNF\u03b1 and type I IFNs upon LPS stimulation, but less type I IFNs upon poly I:C stimulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type I IFN is a trainer inducing a trained immunity phenotype with pro-atherogenic properties in monocytes. Conversely, trained immunity also affects the production of type I IFNs and transcriptional response to type I IFN receptor re-stimulation. The phenotype of pSS PBMCs is consistent with trained immunity. This connection between type I IFN, trained immunity and cholesterol metabolism may have important implications for pSS and the pathogenesis of (subclinical) atherosclerosis in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T03:47:32Z","timestamp":1656906452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Trained Immunity in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: Linking Type I Interferons to a Pro-Atherogenic Phenotype"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"Huijser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia G.","family":"van Helden-Meeuwsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwin G. B.","family":"Grashof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Tarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zana","family":"Brkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josje M. A.","family":"Huisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Javad","family":"Wahadat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmen J. G.","family":"van de Werken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana P.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A. G.","family":"van Roon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L. A.","family":"van Daele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Kamphuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Fai","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siroon","family":"Bekkering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo A. B.","family":"Joosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem A.","family":"Dik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan A.","family":"Versnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining Trained Immunity and its Role in Health and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.006","article-title":"Candida Albicans Infection Affords Protection Against Reinfection via Functional Reprogramming of Monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Quintin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250684","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250684","article-title":"mTOR- and HIF-1\u03b1-Mediated Aerobic Glycolysis as Metabolic Basis for Trained Immunity","volume":"345","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00349-16","article-title":"In Vitro Experimental Model of Trained Innate Immunity in Human Primary Monocytes","volume":"23","author":"Bekkering","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.034","article-title":"Modulation of Myelopoiesis Progenitors Is an Integral Component of Trained Immunity","volume":"172","author":"Mitroulis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00298","article-title":"The Potential Role of Trained Immunity in Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314216","article-title":"Trained Immunity in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"41","author":"Flores-Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009594","article-title":"Oncogene-Induced Maladaptive Activation of Trained Immunity in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Erdheim-Chester Disease","volume":"138","author":"Molteni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1702514","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Mariette","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.17718","article-title":"Reviewing Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome: Beyond the Dryness - From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Both","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.12.001","article-title":"Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Rheumatic Diseases: An Integrated View for the Treating Physicians","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00817","article-title":"Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Primary Sjogren's Syndrome: Does Inflammation Matter? Front","volume":"10","author":"Bartoloni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12346","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease Risk Burden in Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome: Results of a Population-Based Multicentre Cohort Study","volume":"278","author":"Bartoloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215115","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events, Sleep Apnoea, and Pulmonary Hypertension in Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome: Data From the French Health Insurance Database","volume":"10","author":"Goulabchand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R170","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3493","article-title":"Regulatory Mechanisms for the Production of BAFF and IL-6 are Impaired in Monocytes of Patients of Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12378","article-title":"Monocytes From Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome Patients Display Increased Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2 Expression and Impaired Apoptotic Cell Phagocytosis","volume":"177","author":"Hauk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R114","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4294","article-title":"In Vitro Suppression of Immune Responses Using Monocyte-Derived Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells From Patients With Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Volchenkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701656","article-title":"The Transcriptomic Profile of Monocytes From Patients With Sjogren's Syndrome Is Associated With Inflammatory Parameters and Is Mimicked by Circulating Mediators","volume":"12","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02096","article-title":"Plasmacytoid DCs From Patients With Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome Are Transcriptionally Primed for Enhanced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production","volume":"10","author":"Hillen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201381","article-title":"Prevalence of Interferon Type I Signature in CD14 Monocytes of Patients With Sjogren's Syndrome and Association With Disease Activity and BAFF Gene Expression","volume":"72","author":"Brkic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheumatol Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab688","article-title":"Serum Ifn\u03b12 Measured by Single-Molecule Array Associates With Systemic Disease Manifestations in Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Huijser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043952","article-title":"Type I Interferons in Autoimmune Disease","volume":"14","author":"Crow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3818","article-title":"Type I Interferons and the Cytokine TNF Cooperatively Reprogram the Macrophage Epigenome to Promote Inflammatory Activation","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720930115","article-title":"Interferon Stimulation Creates Chromatin Marks and Establishes Transcriptional Memory","volume":"115","author":"Kamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0466-2","article-title":"Interferon Target-Gene Expression and Epigenomic Signatures in Health and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Barrat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303887","article-title":"Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Induces Long-Term Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Foam Cell Formation via Epigenetic Reprogramming of Monocytes","volume":"34","author":"Bekkering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39859","article-title":"2016 American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sjogren's Syndrome: A Consensus and Data-Driven Methodology Involving Three International Patient Cohorts","volume":"69","author":"Shiboski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40930","article-title":"2019 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Aringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.110619","article-title":"EULAR Sjogren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index: Development of a Consensus Systemic Disease Activity Index for Primary Sjogren's Syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Seror","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheumatol Dis"},{"key":"B30","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000","volume":"29","author":"Gladman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051135","article-title":"Combined Oral Contraceptives in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"353","author":"Petri","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex490","article-title":"Systemic Interferon Type I and Type II Signatures in Primary Sjogren's Syndrome Reveal Differences in Biological Disease Activity","volume":"57","author":"Bodewes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0439-x","article-title":"The Nf-Core Framework for Community-Curated Bioinformatics Pipelines","volume":"38","author":"Ewels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3820","article-title":"Nextflow Enables Reproducible Computational Workflows","volume":"35","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323","article-title":"RSEM: Accurate Transcript Quantification From RNA-Seq Data With or Without a Reference Genome","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: Ultrafast Universal RNA-Seq Aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The Sequence Alignment\/Map Format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts356","article-title":"RSeQC: Quality Control of RNA-Seq Experiments","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv566","article-title":"Qualimap 2: Advanced Multi-Sample Quality Control for High-Throughput Sequencing Data","volume":"32","author":"Okonechnikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2375","article-title":"Predicting the Molecular Complexity of Sequencing Libraries","volume":"10","author":"Daley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7563.1","article-title":"Differential Analyses for RNA-Seq: Transcript-Level Estimates Improve Gene-Level Inferences","volume":"4","author":"Soneson","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated Estimation of Fold Change and Dispersion for RNA-Seq Data With Deseq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty895","article-title":"Heavy-Tailed Prior Distributions for Sequence Count Data: Removing the Noise and Preserving Large Differences","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B44","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version: 4.0.3","year":"2020"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Version: 15","year":""},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00688-13","article-title":"Trained Immunity or Tolerance: Opposing Functional Programs Induced in Human Monocytes After Engagement of Various Pattern Recognition Receptors","volume":"21","author":"Ifrim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol CVI"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.025","article-title":"Metabolic Induction of Trained Immunity Through the Mevalonate Pathway","volume":"172","author":"Bekkering","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq240","article-title":"United Kingdom Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome Registry\u2014a United Effort to Tackle an Orphan Rheumatic Disease","volume":"50","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained Immunity: A Program of Innate Immune Memory in Health and Disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea Mihai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.011","article-title":"Immunometabolic Pathways in BCG-Induced Trained Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Arts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100146","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine Inhibits the Trained Innate Immune Response to Interferons","volume":"1","author":"Rother","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-419283","article-title":"Cytokine Activation Induces Human Memory-Like NK Cells","volume":"120","author":"Romee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010","article-title":"BCG Vaccination Protects Against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans Through the Induction of Cytokines Associated With Trained Immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00680","article-title":"GM-CSF and IL-3 Modulate Human Monocyte TNF-\u03b1 Production and Renewal in In Vitro Models of Trained Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Borriello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107634","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan Induces Protective Trained Immunity Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection: A Key Role for IL-1","volume":"31","author":"Moorlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.697789","article-title":"Synergistic Proinflammatory Effects of the Antiviral Cytokine Interferon-\u03b1 and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Ligands in the Atherosclerotic Plaque","volume":"116","author":"Niessner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01253","article-title":"Signal Integration of IFN-I and IFN-II With TLR4 Involves Sequential Recruitment of STAT1-Complexes and Nf\u03bab to Enhance Pro-Inflammatory Transcription","volume":"10","author":"Piaszyk-Borychowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00960-y","article-title":"Trained Immunity, Tolerance, Priming and Differentiation: Distinct Immunological Processes","volume":"22","author":"Divangahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12617","article-title":"The Role of the Interleukin-1 Family in Trained Immunity","volume":"281","author":"Moorlag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.265249.120","article-title":"Multi-Cell Type Gene Coexpression Network Analysis Reveals Coordinated Interferon Response and Cross-Cell Type Correlations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"31","author":"Panwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38628","article-title":"Modular Transcriptional Repertoire Analyses of Adults With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Reveal Distinct Type I and Type II Interferon Signatures","volume":"66","author":"Chiche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108955","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-37 is an Inhibitor of Trained Immunity","volume":"35","author":"Cavalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2016-000301","article-title":"Elevated IL-37, IL-18 and IL-18BP Serum Concentrations in Patients With Primary Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Liuqing","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037000","article-title":"Type I Interferons are Associated With Subclinical Markers of Cardiovascular Disease in a Cohort of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients","volume":"7","author":"Somers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190459","article-title":"Type-I Interferons in Atherosclerosis","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2013.0152","article-title":"Monocyte Activation From Interferon-\u03b1 in HIV Infection Increases Acetylated LDL Uptake and ROS Production","volume":"34","author":"Pulliam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res Off J Int Soc Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00284","article-title":"Trained Immunity: An Underlying Driver of Inflammatory Atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz137","article-title":"Aldosterone Induces Trained Immunity: The Role of Fatty Acid Synthesis","volume":"116","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0190-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100253","article-title":"Intracellular Lipid Flux and Membrane Microdomains as Organizing Principles in Inflammatory Cell Signaling","volume":"187","author":"Fessler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12617","article-title":"Lipid Rafts in Immune Signalling: Current Progress and Future Perspective","volume":"149","author":"Varshney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.045","article-title":"Limiting Cholesterol Biosynthetic Flux Spontaneously Engages Type I IFN Signaling","volume":"163","author":"York","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00634","article-title":"Interferon Control of the Sterol Metabolic Network: Bidirectional Molecular Circuitry-Mediating Host Protection","volume":"7","author":"Robertson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840751\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T03:47:39Z","timestamp":1656906459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840751\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840751","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"article-number":"840751"}}