{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T03:27:39Z","timestamp":1784431659503,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008749","name":"Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ileum is mainly responsible for food absorption and nutrients transportation. The microbes in its intestinal lumen play an essential role in the growth and health of the host. However, it is still unknown how the ileal microbes affect the body weight of the host. In this study, we used Muscovy ducks as an animal model to investigate the relationship between the ileal microbes and body weight and further explore the potential mechanism. The ileum tissue and ileal contents of 200 Muscovy ducks were collected for mRNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR, as well as DNA separation and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. With body weight being ranked, the bottom 20% (n = 40) and top 20% (n = 40) were set as the low and high groups, respectively. Our results showed that in the ileum of Muscovy ducks, the Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla with the 10 most abundant genera, namely <jats:italic>Candidatus Arthromitus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Romboutsia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Cetobacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Clostridium sensu stricto 1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Terrisporobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus.<\/jats:italic> We identified <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Candidatus Arthromitus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Oscillospira<\/jats:italic> were closely correlated to the growth of Muscovy ducks. <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic> were negatively related to body weight (BW), while <jats:italic>Candidatus Arthromitus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Oscillospira<\/jats:italic> were positively associated with BW. In addition, we found that the relative expression levels of tight junction proteins (<jats:italic>Claudin 1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Claudin 2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ZO-1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ZO-2<\/jats:italic>) in the high group showed an upward trend, although this trend was not significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). The expression of pro-inflammatory factors (<jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IL-2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) decreased in the high group, while the anti-inflammatory factor <jats:italic>IL-10<\/jats:italic> increased. Of course, except <jats:italic>IL-2<\/jats:italic>, these differences were not significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). Finally, the correlation analysis showed that <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic> was significantly positively correlated with <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). These findings may provide fundamental data for the development of next-generation probiotics and assist the development of strategies for changing the gut microbiota to promote the growth performance in the duck industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.844102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T07:56:13Z","timestamp":1644479773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ileal Microbiota Alters the Immunity Statues to Affect Body Weight in Muscovy 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