{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T02:21:11Z","timestamp":1789438871715,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a bacterial second messenger with immunomodulatory activities in mice, suggesting potential applications as a vaccine immunopotentiator or therapeutic agent. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of c-di-GMP as an immunopotentiator for pseudorabies virus (PRV) inactivated vaccine in a murine model. We found that c-di-GMP improved the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by PRV inactivated vaccine and its effects on immunity reached the level comparable to that of a live attenuated vaccine. Furthermore, c-di-GMP enhanced the murine antibody response against the viral glycoprotein gB up to 120 days after immunization. The c-di-GMP\u2013adjuvanted PRV inactivated vaccine induced long-term humoral immunity by promoting a potent T follicular helper cell response, which is known to directly control the magnitude of the germinal center B cell response. Furthermore, the c-di-GMP enhanced the response of bone marrow plasma cells and upregulated the expression of <jats:italic>Bcl-2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mcl-1<\/jats:italic>, which have been identified as anti-apoptotic regulatory genes of germinal center and memory B cells. Our findings open a new avenue for improving the immune efficacy of PRV inactivated vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.845680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T15:47:04Z","timestamp":1648741624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhanced Immune Responses in Mice Induced by the c-di-GMP Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine for Pseudorabies 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