{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:34:48Z","timestamp":1792211688559,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":312,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The new WHO Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases targets the global elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To date, control strategies have focused on effective diagnostics, mass drug administration, complementary and integrative public health interventions. Non-mammalian intermediate hosts and other vertebrates promote transmission of schistosomiasis and have been utilized as experimental model systems. Experimental animal models that recapitulate schistosomiasis immunology, disease progression, and pathology observed in humans are important in testing and validation of control interventions. We discuss the pivotal value of these models in contributing to elimination of schistosomiasis. Treatment of schistosomiasis relies heavily on mass drug administration of praziquantel whose efficacy is comprised due to re-infections and experimental systems have revealed the inability to kill juvenile schistosomes. In terms of diagnosis, nonhuman primate models have demonstrated the low sensitivity of the gold standard Kato Katz smear technique. Antibody assays are valuable tools for evaluating efficacy of candidate vaccines, and sera from graded infection experiments are useful for evaluating diagnostic sensitivity of different targets. Lastly, the presence of Schistosomes can compromise the efficacy of vaccines to other infectious diseases and its elimination will benefit control programs of the other diseases. As the focus moves towards schistosomiasis elimination, it will be critical to integrate treatment, diagnostics, novel research tools such as sequencing, improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and utilization of experimental models to assist with evaluating performance of new approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.846108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T08:04:10Z","timestamp":1651565050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Road to Elimination: Current State of Schistosomiasis Research and Progress Towards the End Game"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Ogongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth K.","family":"Nyakundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald K.","family":"Chege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Ochola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Seventy-Third World Health Assembly"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000312","article-title":"Mass Drug Administration and the Global Control of Schistosomiasis: Successes, Limitations and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Olveda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1144-3","article-title":"Modelling Control of Schistosoma Haematobium Infection: Predictions of the Long-Term Impact of Mass Drug Administration in Africa","volume":"8","author":"Gurarie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012396","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"346","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Immunology of Schistosomiasis","volume-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization","author":"Allison","year":"1974"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001648","article-title":"Biology of the Schistosome Lung-Stage Schistosomulum","volume":"134","author":"Gobert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000598","article-title":"Temporal Expression of Chemokines Dictates the Hepatic Inflammatory Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"Burke","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.05.009","article-title":"New Insights on Acute and Chronic Schistosomiasis: Do We Need a Redefinition","volume":"36","author":"Gobbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.902","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Mansoni in Yemeni in California: Duration of Infection, Presence of Disease, Therapeutic Management","volume":"23","author":"Warren","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"[Developmental Bilharziasis Caused by Schistosoma Mansoni Discovered 37 Years After Infestation]","volume":"78","author":"Chabasse","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Schistosoma Mansoni Infection In Mice Depleted Of Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes. 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