{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:45:06Z","timestamp":1784936706985,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carnivores such as cats and minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Brazil is a global COVID-19 hot spot and several cases of human-to-cat transmission have been documented. We investigated the spread of SARS-CoV-2 by testing 547 domestic cats sampled between July-November 2020 from seven states in southern, southeastern, and northeastern Brazil. Moreover, we investigated whether immune responses elicited by enzootic coronaviruses affect SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats. We found infection with significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against the Gamma variant of concern, endemic in Brazil during 2020, than against an early SARS-CoV-2 B.1 isolate (p&amp;lt;0.0001), validating the use of Gamma for further testing. The overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Brazilian cats during late 2020 validated by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>) was 7.3% (95% CI, 5.3-9.8). There was no significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in cats between Brazilian states, suggesting homogeneous infection levels ranging from 4.6% (95% CI, 2.2-8.4) to 11.4% (95% CI, 6.7-17.4; p=0.4438). Seroprevalence of the prototypic cat coronavirus Feline coronavirus (FCoV) in a PRNT<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> was high at 33.3% (95% CI, 24.9-42.5) and seroprevalence of Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) was low at 1.7% (95% CI, 0.2-5.9) in a PRNT<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>. Neutralizing antibody titers were significantly lower for FCoV than for SARS-CoV-2 (p=0.0001), consistent with relatively more recent infection of cats with SARS-CoV-2. Neither the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers (p=0.6390), nor SARS-CoV-2 infection status were affected by FCoV serostatus (p=0.8863). Our data suggest that pre-existing immunity against enzootic coronaviruses neither prevents, nor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence already during the first year of the pandemic substantiates frequent infection of domestic cats and raises concerns on potential SARS-CoV-2 mutations escaping human immunity upon spillback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T07:36:17Z","timestamp":1649144177000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Frequent Infection of Cats With SARS-CoV-2 Irrespective of Pre-Existing Enzootic Coronavirus Immunity, Brazil 2020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Edmilson F. de","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ot\u00e1vio V.","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ianei O.","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fagner D\u2019ambroso","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Nunes","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Pedroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Gonzalez-Auza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Carvalho","family":"Urbieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"K\u00fchne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Mayoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy K.","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Moreira-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal B. E. M.","family":"Reusken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Brites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Osterrieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Martins","family":"Netto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Eduardo","family":"Ristow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita de Cassia","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda S. Flores","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia Rossi de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Felix","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13872","article-title":"Potential Zoonotic Sources of SARS-CoV-2 Infections","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02220-20","article-title":"From People to Panthera: Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Tigers and Lions at the Bronx Zoo","volume":"11","author":"McAloose","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.619207","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dogs and Cats: Facts and Speculations","volume":"8","author":"Decaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.202223","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Natural Transmission From Human to Cat, Belgium, March 2020","volume":"26","author":"Garigliany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20097-0","article-title":"Evidence of Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Cats and Dogs From Households in Italy","volume":"11","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.204959","article-title":"Possible Human-To-Dog Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Italy, 2020","volume":"27","author":"Decaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123506","article-title":"Myocardial Injury Complicated by Systolic Dysfunction in a COVID-19-Positive Dog","volume":"11","author":"Romito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim (Basel)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923e3","article-title":"First Reported Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Companion Animals - New York, March-April 2020","volume":"69","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1817796","article-title":"A Serological Survey of SARS-CoV-2 in Cat in Wuhan","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22541\/au.161821264.49927405\/v1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Cats and Dogs in Infected Mink Farms","author":"van Aart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109017","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Mutations Acquired in Mink Reduce Antibody-Mediated Neutralization","volume":"35","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.5.210009","article-title":"Preliminary Report of an Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Mink and Mink Farmers Associated With Community Spread, Denmark, June to November 2020","volume":"26","author":"Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5901","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on Mink Farms Between Humans and Mink and Back to Humans","volume":"371","author":"Oude Munnink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh2644","article-title":"Genomics and Epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 Lineage in Manaus, Brazil","volume":"372","author":"Faria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Worldometer. Coronavirus Updates","year":"2021"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250853","article-title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dogs and Cats of Humans Diagnosed With COVID-19 in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Calvet","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa161","article-title":"Coronavirus Occurrence and Transmission Over 8 Years in the HIVE Cohort of Households in Michigan","volume":"222","author":"Monto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1905488","article-title":"Cross-Reactive Antibody Against Human Coronavirus OC43 Spike Protein Correlates With Disease Severity in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30697-8","article-title":"Viral Emergence and Immune Interplay in Flavivirus Vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01849-19","article-title":"Complex Scenario of Homotypic and Heterotypic Zika Virus Immune Enhancement","volume":"10","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.1315","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Occurs Upon Re-Infection With the Identical Serotype Virus in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection","volume":"70","author":"Takano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.087","article-title":"Vaccine-Induced Enhancement of Viral Infections","volume":"27","author":"Huisman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.3.1407-1409.1990","article-title":"Early Death After Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Challenge Due to Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Immunization","volume":"64","author":"Vennema","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.27.21265574","article-title":"Boosting of Cross-Reactive Antibodies to Endemic Coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 Infection But Not Vaccination With Stabilized Spike","author":"Crowley","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143380","article-title":"Recent Endemic Coronavirus Infection Is Associated With Less-Severe COVID-19","volume":"131","author":"Sagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203281","article-title":"Limited Specificity of Serologic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection, Benin","volume":"27","author":"Yadouleton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001369","article-title":"Archived Dengue Serum Samples Produced False-Positive Results in SARS-CoV-2 Lateral Flow-Based Rapid Antibody Tests","volume":"70","author":"Nath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0631-z","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test Based on Antibody-Mediated Blockage of ACE2-Spike Protein-Protein Interaction","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352009000300033","article-title":"Serum Survey for Antibodies to Coronavirus, Herpesvirus, Calicivirus, and Parvovirus in Domestics Cats From Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"61","author":"Johann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arquivo Brasileiro Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-PVB-5706","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Study of Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) Infection in Domiciled Cats From Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"39","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Bras"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.11-0577","article-title":"Prevalence of Feline Coronavirus Antibodies in Japanese Domestic Cats During the Past Decade","volume":"74","author":"Taharaguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.008","article-title":"Feline Infectious Peritonitis. ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management","volume":"11","author":"Addie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14308","article-title":"Long-Term Persistence of Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Pets","author":"Decaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.21.649","article-title":"Use of a Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction for Monitoring the Shedding of Feline Coronavirus by Healthy Cats","volume":"148","author":"Addie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13924","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Pet Animals in Croatia and Potential Public Health Impact","volume":"68","author":"Stevanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040772","article-title":"Occurrence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in the Domestic Cat Population of Germany","volume":"8","author":"Michelitsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061009","article-title":"The Second Wave of SARS-CoV-2 Circulation-Antibody Detection in the Domestic Cat Population in Germany","volume":"13","author":"Michelitsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2712.211252","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Domestic Cats During First COVID-19 Wave, Europe","volume":"27","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100192","article-title":"High Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Pets From COVID-19+ Households","volume":"11","author":"Fritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081634","article-title":"Serological Screening for Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Dutch Shelter Cats","volume":"13","author":"van der Leij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23074-3","article-title":"Cross-Reactive Serum and Memory B-Cell Responses to Spike Protein in SARS-CoV-2 and Endemic Coronavirus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1107","article-title":"Preexisting and De Novo Humoral Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Humans","volume":"370","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1803","article-title":"Absence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Activity in Prepandemic Sera From Individuals With Recent Seasonal Coronavirus Infection","volume":"73","author":"Poston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6836","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Severe Dengue Disease in Humans","volume":"358","author":"Katzelnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.190113","article-title":"Cross-Protection of Dengue Virus Infection Against Congenital Zika Syndrome, Northeastern Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Pedroso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.047","article-title":"Challenges Towards Serologic Diagnostics of Emerging Arboviruses","volume":"27","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070529","article-title":"Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Animal Hosts","volume":"9","author":"Abdel-Moneim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857322\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T07:36:19Z","timestamp":1649144179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857322\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857322","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"article-number":"857322"}}