{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:29:02Z","timestamp":1792506542882,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic. Here, we present non-human primate immunogenicity and protective efficacy data generated with the capsid virus-like particle (cVLP)-based vaccine ABNCoV2 that has previously demonstrated immunogenicity in mice. In rhesus macaques, a single vaccination with either 15 or 100\u00a0\u03bcg ABNCoV2 induced binding and neutralizing antibodies in a dose-dependent manner, at levels comparable to those measured in human convalescents. A second vaccine administration led to a &amp;gt;50-fold increase in neutralizing antibodies, with 2-log higher mean levels in the 100-\u03bcg ABNCoV2 group compared with convalescent samples. Upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge, a significant reduction in viral load was observed for both vaccine groups relative to the challenge control group, with no evidence of enhanced disease. Remarkably, neutralizing antibody titers against an original SARS-CoV-2 isolate and against variants of concern were comparable, indicating a potential for broad protection afforded by ABNCoV2, which is currently in clinical testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T11:01:26Z","timestamp":1649674886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Capsid Virus-Like Particle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Induces High Levels of Antibodies and Protects Rhesus Macaques"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ariane","family":"Volkmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"Koopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Mooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst J.","family":"Verschoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babs E.","family":"Verstrepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy M. J. M.","family":"Bogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manja","family":"Idorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren R.","family":"Paludan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Vang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten A.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam F.","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Schmittwolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubertus","family":"Hochrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Chaplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102214","article-title":"Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 Ncov-19 Covid-19 Vaccine Against the B.1.351 Variant","volume":"384","author":"Madhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103055","article-title":"Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine Against the B.1.351 Variant","volume":"384","author":"Shinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Update on Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccine Considerations","volume-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines","author":"Scobie","year":"2021"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20251-8","article-title":"Capsid-Like Particles Decorated With the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Elicit Strong Virus Neutralization Activity","volume":"12","author":"Fougeroux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010139","article-title":"Recent Progress on the Versatility of Virus-Like Particles","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179740","article-title":"Probing the Potential of CnaB-Type Domains for the Design of Tag\/Catcher Systems","volume":"12","author":"Proschel","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165074","article-title":"Kinetic Controlled Tag-Catcher Interactions for Directed Covalent Protein Assembly","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115485109","article-title":"Peptide Tag Forming a Rapid Covalent Bond to a Protein, Through Engineering a Bacterial Adhesin","volume":"109","author":"Zakeri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological Assessment of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"Wolfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty191","article-title":"Minimap2: Pairwise Alignment for Nucleotide Sequences","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1618-7","article-title":"An Amplicon-Based Sequencing Framework for Accurately Measuring Intrahost Virus Diversity Using PrimalSeq and Ivar","volume":"20","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5","article-title":"A Dynamic Nomenclature Proposal for SARS-CoV-2 Lineages to Assist Genomic Epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Rambaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.01.034","article-title":"Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors During COVID-19 Infection","volume":"19","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03398-2","article-title":"Antibody Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7","volume":"593","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.013","article-title":"Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Variants Escape Neutralization by Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity","volume":"184","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010074","article-title":"Factors That Govern the Induction of Long-Lived Antibody Responses","volume":"12","author":"Chackerian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9","article-title":"Single-Cell Landscape of Bronchoalveolar Immune Cells in Patients With COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18854-2","article-title":"Two Distinct Immunopathological Profiles in Autopsy Lungs of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Nienhold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024671","article-title":"Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"383","author":"Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03275-y","article-title":"BNT162b Vaccines Protect Rhesus Macaques From SARS-CoV-2","volume":"592","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2608-y","article-title":"ChAdOx1 Ncov-19 Vaccine Prevents SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Rhesus Macaques","volume":"586","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2607-z","article-title":"Single-Shot Ad26 Vaccine Protects Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques","volume":"586","author":"Mercado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibody Levels are Highly Predictive of Immune Protection From Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.063","article-title":"Evidence for Antibody as a Protective Correlate for COVID-19 Vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Earle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02107-20","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies Correlate With Protection From SARS-CoV-2 in Humans During a Fishery Vessel Outbreak With a High Attack Rate","volume":"58","author":"Addetia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.21.21258528","article-title":"Correlates of Protection Against Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01294-w","article-title":"Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to Neutralization by Monoclonal and Serum-Derived Polyclonal Antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3410\/f.739524179.793585051","article-title":"mRNA Vaccine-Elicited Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and Circulating Variants","volume":"592","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2102179","article-title":"Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2102017","article-title":"Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum","volume":"384","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.037","article-title":"Evidence of Escape of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.351 From Natural and Vaccine-Induced Sera","volume":"184","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.26.2100557","article-title":"Neutralising Capacity Against Delta (B.1.617.2) and Other Variants of Concern Following Comirnaty (BNT162b2, BioNTech\/Pfizer) Vaccination in Health Care Workers, Israel","volume":"26","author":"Lustig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03777-9","article-title":"Reduced Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Delta to Antibody Neutralization","volume":"596","author":"Planas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2104974","article-title":"Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine Against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants","volume":"385","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.Cov2.S Vaccine Against Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857440\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T11:01:33Z","timestamp":1649674893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857440\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"article-number":"857440"}}