{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:16:33Z","timestamp":1787026593818,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Schistosomiasis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a serious public health problem in China. Granuloma and hepatic fibrosis are the main pathological features of schistosomiasis japonica. The role and mechanism of egg-derived exosomes of\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in liver fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, we found that egg-derived exosomes of\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    carry a new type of microRNA (miRNA-33).\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this novel miRNA upregulated the expression of smooth muscle actin (\u03b1-SMA) and collagen 1 \u03b11 (Col 1 \u03b11) in the human hepatic stellate cell (LX-2) line at both mRNA and protein levels.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this novel miRNA was upregulated in the serum of infected mice, and when injected into mice through the tail vein using miRNA agomir, \u03b1-SMA, Col 1 \u03b11, and Col 3 \u03b11 were upregulated in liver tissue at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, this novel miRNA downregulated the expression of \u03b1-SMA and Col 1 \u03b11 in liver tissue at mRNA and protein levels in mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and treated with miRNA antagomir. The novel miRNA-33 upregulated TGF-\u03b2 Receptor I (TGF-\u03b2 RI) at both mRNA and protein levels in LX-2 cells. Our results suggest that this novel miRNA from egg-derived exosomes of\n                    <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    can promote liver fibrosis in the host in a cross-species manner, and the degree of fibrosis can be decreased by inhibiting the expression of this miRNA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.860807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T09:48:15Z","timestamp":1651052895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Novel miRNA From Egg-Derived Exosomes of Schistosoma japonicum Promotes Liver Fibrosis in Murine 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