{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T00:14:34Z","timestamp":1794010474986,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A positive flow-cytometry T cell crossmatch (FTXM) has important prognostic implications, even when the complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch is negative. Recent studies have shown that ABO incompatibility is associated with positive FTXM, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Cases<\/jats:title><jats:p>In five ABO blood type O recipients of kidneys from wives with type B, FTXM was positive but complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch was negative. Application of a solid-phase technique (LABScreen) revealed no case with antibodies to donor-specific human leukocyte antigen. After removal of type B antibodies from patient sera, FTXM was negative for all five patients. In one tested case, the eluate prepared from the donor\u2019s T lymphocyte agglutinated only type B red blood cells, implying the existence of blood type B substances on donor T lymphocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>False-positive FTXM reflects blood type B substrates bound to T lymphocytes. Repeat FTXM after incubation with donor-type red blood cells (to adsorb anti-ABO antibodies) was negative. This phenomenon explains the discrepancy between FTXM and solid-phase bead assays. Demonstration of type B substances on donor T lymphocytes is necessary before absolute test validity is confirmed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>False-positive FTXM may be associated with type B antibodies bound to T lymphocytes when a blood type O recipient receives tissue from a type B donor. This phenomenon explains the false-positive FTXM observed in the setting of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.862652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T13:15:30Z","timestamp":1646918130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["CASE REPORT: Serial Cases of False-Positive Flow-Cytometry T Cell Crossmatch Associated With Anti\u2013Blood Type Antibodies in Patients Undergoing ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izumi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akimitsu","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyohiko","family":"Hotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsunori","family":"Tasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yokoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2004.00226.x","article-title":"Tiberghien P. 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