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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are inducers of type 2 immune responses, but their role during filarial infection remains unclear. In the present study, we used the <jats:italic>Litomosoides sigmodontis<\/jats:italic> rodent model of filariasis to analyze ILC2s during infection in susceptible BALB\/c mice that develop a chronic infection with microfilaremia and semi-susceptible C57BL\/6 mice that eliminate the filariae shortly after the molt into adult worms and thus do not develop microfilaremia. ILC2s (CD45<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Lineage<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> TCR\u03b2<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> CD90.2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Sca-1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> IL-33R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GATA-3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) were analyzed in the pleural cavity, the site of <jats:italic>L. sigmodontis<\/jats:italic> infection, after the infective L3 larvae reached the pleural cavity (9 days post infection, dpi), after the molt into adult worms (30dpi) and during the peak of microfilaremia (70dpi). C57BL\/6 mice had significantly increased ILC2 numbers compared to BALB\/c mice at 30dpi, accompanied by substantially higher IL-5 and IL-13 levels, indicating a stronger type 2 immune response in C57BL\/6 mice upon <jats:italic>L. sigmodontis<\/jats:italic> infection. At this time point the ILC2 numbers positively correlated with the worm burden in both mouse strains. ILC2s and GATA-3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were the dominant source of IL-5 in <jats:italic>L. sigmodontis<\/jats:italic>-infected C57BL\/6 mice with ILC2s showing a significantly higher IL-5 expression than CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. To investigate the importance of ILC2s during <jats:italic>L. sigmodontis<\/jats:italic> infection, ILC2s were depleted with anti-CD90.2 antibodies in T and B cell-deficient <jats:italic>Rag2<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> C57BL\/6 mice on 26-28dpi and the outcome of infection was compared to isotype controls. <jats:italic>Rag2<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice were per se susceptible to <jats:italic>L. sigmodontis<\/jats:italic> infection with significantly higher worm burden than C57BL\/6 mice and developed microfilaremia. Depletion of ILC2s did not result in an increased worm burden in <jats:italic>Rag2<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice, but led to significantly higher microfilariae numbers compared to isotype controls. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ILC2s are essentially involved in the control of microfilaremia in <jats:italic>Rag2<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> C57BL\/6 mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.863663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T05:37:14Z","timestamp":1654753034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["ILC2s Control Microfilaremia During Litomosoides sigmodontis Infection in Rag2-\/- Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Julia 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