{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:41:35Z","timestamp":1793216495967,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of indole-3-carboxylate (ICOOH) as a postbiotic on maintaining intestinal homeostasis against avian coccidiosis. In the first study, an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture system was used to investigate the effects of ICOOH on the proinflammatory cytokine response of chicken macrophage cells (CMCs), gut integrity of chicken intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), differentiation of quail muscle cells (QMCs), and primary chicken embryonic muscle cells (PMCs) and anti-parasitic effect against <jats:italic>Eimeria maxima<\/jats:italic>. Cells to be tested were seeded in the 24-well plates and treated with ICOOH at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 \u00b5g. CMCs were first stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an innate immune response, and QMCs and PMCs were treated with 0.5% and 2% fetal bovine serum, respectively, before they were treated with ICOOH. After 18 h of incubation, cells were harvested, and RT-PCR was performed to measure gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines of CMCs, tight junction (TJ) proteins of IECs, and muscle cell growth markers of QMCs and PMCs. In the second study, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> trials were carried out to study the effect of dietary ICOOH on disease parameters in broiler chickens infected with <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic>. One hundred twenty male broiler chickens (0-day-old) were allocated into the following four treatment groups: 1) basal diet without infection (CON), 2) basal diet with <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic> (NC), 3) ICOOH at 10.0 mg\/kg feed with <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic> (HI), and 4) ICOOH at 1.0 mg\/kg feed with <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic> (LO). Body weights (BWs) were measured on 0, 7, 14, 20, and 22 days. All groups except the CON chickens were orally infected with <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic> on day 14. Jejunal samples were collected for lesion score and the transcriptomic analysis of cytokines and TJ proteins. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, ICOOH increased the expression of TJ proteins in IECs and decreased IL-1\u03b2 and IL-8 transcripts in the LPS-stimulated CMCs. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, chickens on the HI diet showed reduced jejunal IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-10 expression and increased expression of genes activated by aryl hydrocarbon receptors and nutrient transporters in <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic>-infected chickens. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the beneficial effects of dietary ICOOH on intestinal immune responses and barrier integrity in broiler chickens challenged with <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, the present finding supports the notion to use microbial metabolites as novel feed additives to enhance resilience in animal agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.867754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T04:55:41Z","timestamp":1655960141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Gut Microbiota-Derived Indole-3-Carboxylate Influences Mucosal Integrity and Immunity Through the Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors and Nutrient Transporters in Broiler Chickens Challenged With Eimeria 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