{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:59:15Z","timestamp":1793336355234,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI136934, AI116420, AI125770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI136934, AI116420, AI125770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vaccines are one of the greatest medical accomplishments to date, yet no fungal vaccines are currently available in humans mainly because opportunistic mycoses generally occur during immunodeficiencies necessary for vaccine protection. In previous studies, a live, attenuated\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant accumulating sterylglucosides was found to be avirulent and protected mice from a subsequent lethal infection even in absence of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, a condition most associated with cryptococcosis (e.g., HIV). Here, we tested three strategies of vaccination against cryptococcosis. First, in our preventative model, protection was achieved even after a 3-fold increase of the vaccination window. Second, because live\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -vaccinated mice challenged more than once with WT strain had a significant decrease in lung fungal burden, we tested\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    as an immunotherapeutic. We found that therapeutic administrations of HK\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    post WT challenge significantly improves the lung fungal burden. Similarly, therapeutic administration of HK\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    post WT challenge resulted in 100% or 70% survival depending on the time of vaccine administration, suggesting that HK \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a robust immunotherapeutic option. Third, we investigated a novel model of vaccination in preventing reactivation from lung granuloma using\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>gcs1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Remarkably, we show that administration of HK \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevents mice from reactivating \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>gcs1<\/jats:italic>\n                    upon inducing immunosuppression with corticosteroids or by depleting CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Our results suggest that HK \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sgl1<\/jats:italic>\n                    represents a clinically relevant, efficacious vaccine that confers robust host protection in three models of vaccination against cryptococcosis even during CD4-deficiency.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.868523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T03:29:23Z","timestamp":1652066963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Three Models of Vaccination Strategies Against Cryptococcosis in Immunocompromised Hosts Using Heat-Killed Cryptococcus neoformans \u0394sgl1"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tyler G.","family":"Normile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Del Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1664719","article-title":"Invasive Endemic Fungi of the Western Hemisphere","volume":"10","author":"Fierer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200430","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200430","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Disease in Humans: Are We Aware of the Real Impact","volume":"115","author":"Firacative","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcz299","article-title":"Cryptococcus and HIV","volume":"113","author":"Akhtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.01.001","article-title":"A Neglected Epidemic: Fungal Infections in HIV\/AIDS","volume":"22","author":"Armstrong-James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2010001","article-title":"Colliding Epidemics and the Rise of Cryptococcosis","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00651","article-title":"Immunology of Cryptococcal Infections: Developing a Rational Approach to Patient Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Elsegeiny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000171","article-title":"Cryptococcosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"28","author":"Henao-Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00242-07","article-title":"Serologic Evidence for Reactivation of Cryptococcosis in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"14","author":"Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001","article-title":"A Titanic Drug Resistance Threat in Cryptococcus Neoformans","volume":"52","author":"Zafar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI136068","article-title":"FTY720 Reactivates Cryptococcal Granulomas in Mice Through S1P Receptor 3 on Macrophages","volume":"130","author":"Bryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.07.015","article-title":"Immunologic Mechanisms of Fingolimod and the Role of Immunosenescence in the Risk of Cryptococcal Infection: A Case Report and Review of Literature","volume":"9","author":"Grebenciucova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.06.007","article-title":"Cryptococcal Meningitis After Fingolimod Discontinuation in a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Ward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Cryptococcal Meningitis Reported With Fingolimod Treatment: Case Series. 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