{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:29:02Z","timestamp":1780590542515,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1190830 , 11200764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1190830 , 11200764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting high-risk populations such as children and the elderly. Pathogens usually activate local immune responses at the site of infection, resulting in both protective and inflammatory responses, which may lead to local changes in the microbiota, metabolites, and the cytokine environment. Although some pathogens can disseminate and cause systemic disease, increasing evidence suggests that local infections can affect tissues not directly invaded. In particular, diseases occurring at distal mucosal barriers such as the lung and the intestine seem to be linked, as shown by epidemiological studies in humans. These mucosal barriers have bidirectional interactions based mainly on multiple signals derived from the microbiota, which has been termed as the gut-lung axis. However, the effects observed in such distal places are still incompletely understood. Most of the current research focuses on the systemic impact of changes in microbiota and bacterial metabolites during infection, which could further modulate immune responses at distal tissue sites. Here, we describe how the gut microbiota and associated metabolites play key roles in maintaining local homeostasis and preventing enteric infection by direct and indirect mechanisms. Subsequently, we discuss recent murine and human studies linking infectious diseases with changes occurring at distal mucosal barriers, with particular emphasis on bacterial and viral infections affecting the lung and the gastrointestinal tract. Further, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which pathogens may cause such effects, promoting either protection or susceptibility to secondary infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T05:16:15Z","timestamp":1651122975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Distal Consequences of Mucosal Infections in Intestinal and Lung Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Felipe","family":"Melo-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javiera","family":"Sep\u00falveda-Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara M.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isidora D.","family":"Suazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20170402","article-title":"Mucins: The Frontline Defence of the Lung","volume":"46","author":"Ridley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.14","article-title":"Division of Labor Between Lung Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in the Defense Against Pulmonary Infections","volume":"6","author":"Guilliams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.04.003","article-title":"Intestinal Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: What's the Difference","volume":"35","author":"Cerovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900710","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Subsets in Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation","volume":"204","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J J Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1159\/000487057","article-title":"Innate Immunity of the Lung: From Basic Mechanisms to Translational Medicine","volume":"10","author":"Hartl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.046","article-title":"Leukocyte Trafficking to the Small Intestine and Colon","volume":"150","author":"Habtezion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging Pathogenic Links Between Microbiota and the Gut-Lung Axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00361-8","article-title":"The Lung\u2013Gut Axis During Viral Respiratory Infections: The Impact of Gut Dysbiosis on Secondary Disease Outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Sencio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.017","article-title":"Ecological and Evolutionary Forces Shaping Microbial Diversity in the Human Intestine","volume":"124","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites as Key Actors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Lavelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12476-z","article-title":"Interplay Between the Human Gut Microbiome and Host Metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Visconti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.019","article-title":"Gut-Microbiota-Targeted Diets Modulate Human Immune Status","volume":"184","author":"Wastyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/10408417909101177","article-title":"Cellular Antimicrobial Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Collins","year":"1978","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2900","article-title":"A Complex Microworld in the Gut: Harnessing Pathogen-Commensal Relations","volume":"18","author":"Kamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02032-18","article-title":"Gut Microbial and Metabolic Responses to Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Candida Albicans","volume":"9","author":"Bratburd","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B16","article-title":"Intragastric Infection of Germfree and Conventional Mice With Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"22","author":"Nardi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.003","article-title":"The Cytokine Il-22 Promotes Pathogen Colonization by Suppressing Related Commensal Bacteria","volume":"40","author":"Behnsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050244","article-title":"Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exploits Inflammation to Compete With the Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Stecher","year":"2007","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.05.005","article-title":"Enhancement of Ifngamma Production by Distinct Commensals Ameliorates Salmonella-Induced Disease","volume":"21","author":"Thiemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020338","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota Plays a Role in Salmonella-Induced Colitis Independent of Pathogen Colonization","volume":"6","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16215","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.215","article-title":"Genome-Guided Design of a Defined Mouse Microbiota That Confers Colonization Resistance Against Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium","volume":"2","author":"Brugiroux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.004","article-title":"Mucispirillum Schaedleri Antagonizes Salmonella Virulence to Protect Mice Against Colitis","volume":"25","author":"Herp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0746-y","article-title":"Commensal-Derived Metabolites Govern Vibrio Cholerae Pathogenesis in Host Intestine","volume":"7","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00282.2013","article-title":"Microbiota Transplantation Restores Normal Fecal Bile Acid Composition in Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"306","author":"Weingarden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13875","article-title":"Oral, Capsulized, Frozen Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Relapsing Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"312","author":"Youngster","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1273998","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Severe and Severe-Complicated Clostridium Difficile: A Promising Treatment Approach","volume":"8","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0764-0","article-title":"Interleukin-22-Mediated Host Glycosylation Prevents Clostridioides Difficile Infection by Modulating the Metabolic Activity of the Gut Microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Nagao-Kitamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam7019","article-title":"Clostridioides Difficile Uses Amino Acids Associated With Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in a Subset of Patients With Diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"Battaglioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05496-11","article-title":"Profound Alterations of Intestinal Microbiota Following a Single Dose of Clindamycin Results in Sustained Susceptibility to Clostridium Difficile-Induced Colitis","volume":"80","author":"Buffie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4114","article-title":"Antibiotic-Induced Shifts in the Mouse Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Increase Susceptibility to Clostridium Difficile Infection","volume":"5","author":"Theriot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13828","article-title":"Precision Microbiome Reconstitution Restores Bile Acid Mediated Resistance to Clostridium Difficile","volume":"517","author":"Buffie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210718","article-title":"Successful Transmission of a Retrovirus Depends on the Commensal Microbiota","volume":"334","author":"Kane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211057","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Promote Enteric Virus Replication and Systemic Pathogenesis","volume":"334","author":"Kuss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.12.004","article-title":"Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Binding Enhances Virion Stability and Promotes Environmental Fitness of an Enteric Virus","volume":"15","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257147","article-title":"Enteric Bacteria Promote Human and Mouse Norovirus Infection of B Cells","volume":"346","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258025","article-title":"Commensal Microbes and Interferon-Lambda Determine Persistence of Enteric Murine Norovirus Infection","volume":"347","author":"Baldridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00366-21","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiome Primes Host Innate Immunity Against Enteric Virus Systemic Infection Through Type I Interferon","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0602-7","article-title":"The Intestinal Regionalization of Acute Norovirus Infection Is Regulated by the Microbiota Via Bile Acid-Mediated Priming of Type Iii Interferon","volume":"5","author":"Grau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13960","article-title":"An Enteric Virus Can Replace the Beneficial Function of Commensal Bacteria","volume":"516","author":"Kernbauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic Treg Cell Homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.02.018","article-title":"The Microbiome and Butyrate Regulate Energy Metabolism and Autophagy in the Mammalian Colon","volume":"13","author":"Donohoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.12.018","article-title":"The Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Imprints an Antimicrobial Program in Macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Schulthess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao4755","article-title":"Antibiotics Induce Sustained Dysregulation of Intestinal T Cell Immunity by Perturbing Macrophage Homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal Microbe-Derived Butyrate Induces the Differentiation of Colonic Regulatory T Cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites Produced by Commensal Bacteria Promote Peripheral Regulatory T-Cell Generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00132-16","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Sodium Phenylbutyrate Administration During Infection With Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium","volume":"84","author":"Jellbauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12697","article-title":"Functional and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells","volume":"150","author":"Melo-Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0194-8","article-title":"Functional Interactions Between Innate Lymphoid Cells and Adaptive Immunity","volume":"19","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.014","article-title":"Metabolite-Sensing Receptor Ffar2 Regulates Colonic Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Gut Immunity","volume":"51","author":"Chun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0312-8","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Metabolites Regulate Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses","volume":"14","author":"Sepahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190489","article-title":"Acetate Coordinates Neutrophil and Ilc3 Responses Against C. Difficile through Ffar2","volume":"217","author":"Fachi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.07.002","article-title":"A Gut Commensal-Produced Metabolite Mediates Colonization Resistance to Salmonella Infection","volume":"24","author":"Jacobson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008448","article-title":"Variations in Microbiota Composition of Laboratory Mice Influence Citrobacter Rodentium Infection Via Variable Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production","volume":"16","author":"Osbelt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043","article-title":"A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility","volume":"167","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0150-6","article-title":"Microbiota-Accessible Carbohydrates Suppress Clostridium Difficile Infection in a Murine Model","volume":"3","author":"Hryckowian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181639","article-title":"Inhibiting Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae by Microbiota-Mediated Intracellular Acidification","volume":"216","author":"Sorbara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.04.011","article-title":"Commensal Bacteria Calibrate the Activation Threshold of Innate Antiviral Immunity","volume":"37","author":"Abt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019378108","article-title":"Microbiota Regulates Immune Defense Against Respiratory Tract Influenza a Virus Infection","volume":"108","author":"Ichinohe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.047","article-title":"Commensal Microbiota Modulation of Natural Resistance to Virus Infection","volume":"183","author":"Stefan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00319","article-title":"Changes in Gut Microbiota Prior to Influenza a Virus Infection Do Not Affect Immune Responses in Pups or Juvenile Mice","volume":"8","author":"Fuglsang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5336","article-title":"The Microbial Metabolite Desaminotyrosine Protects From Influenza Through Type I Interferon","volume":"357","author":"Steed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.010","article-title":"Antibiotics-Driven Gut Microbiome Perturbation Alters Immunity to Vaccines in Humans","volume":"178","author":"Hagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1221","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids in Human Large Intestine, Portal, Hepatic and Venous Blood","volume":"28","author":"Cummings","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00421.2020","article-title":"Lung Immune Tone Via Gut-Lung Axis: Gut-Derived Lps and Short-Chain Fatty Acids\u2019 Immunometabolic Regulation of Lung Il-1\u03b2, Ffar2, and Ffar3 Expression","volume":"321","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00143614","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Affect Cystic Fibrosis Airway Inflammation and Bacterial Growth","volume":"46","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.022","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Confers Protection Against Flu by Shaping Ly6c(-) Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and Cd8(+) T Cell Metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Trompette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11152-6","article-title":"Microbiota-Derived Acetate Protects Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Through a Gpr43-Type 1 Interferon Response","volume":"10","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103891","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate Triggers Antiviral Response Mediated by Rig-I in Cells From Infants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis","volume":"77","author":"Antunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309728","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Plays a Protective Role in the Host Defence Against Pneumococcal Pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Schuijt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00142","article-title":"The Metabolic Sensor Gpr43 Receptor Plays a Role in the Control of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Infection in the Lung","volume":"9","author":"Galvao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.08.002","article-title":"Host-Mediated Inflammation Disrupts the Intestinal Microbiota and Promotes the Overgrowth of Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"2","author":"Lupp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067155","article-title":"A Multi-Omic View of Host-Pathogen-Commensal Interplay in Salmonella-Mediated Intestinal Infection","volume":"8","author":"Deatherage Kaiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01432-07","article-title":"Enteric Salmonellosis Disrupts the Microbial Ecology of the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"76","author":"Barman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500770x","article-title":"Systemic Responses of Balb\/C Mice to Salmonella Typhimurium Infection","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050677","article-title":"The Bacterial Gut Microbiota of Adult Patients Infected, Colonized or Noncolonized by Clostridioides Difficile","volume":"8","author":"Crobach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126905","article-title":"Metabolomic Networks Connect Host-Microbiome Processes to Human Clostridioides Difficile Infections","volume":"129","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03099.x","article-title":"Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Reduces Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation and T-Helper Type 2 Responses in Mice","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01378-13","article-title":"Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection-Induced Cd11b+ Gr1+ Cells Ameliorate Allergic Airway Inflammation","volume":"82","author":"Ganesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.03.015","article-title":"Enteric Viruses Evoke Broad Host Immune Responses Resembling Those Elicited by the Bacterial Microbiome","volume":"29","author":"Dallari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001304","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulate Gut-Lung Axis Inflammatory Responses by Mediating Ilc2 Compartmental Migration","volume":"207","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5055\/jem.2019.0434","article-title":"Hospital Emergency Management: A Programing and Profession Assessment","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Emerg Manag"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.11","article-title":"Th17-Cell Plasticity in Helicobacter Hepaticus-Induced Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Morrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.140","article-title":"Colonization With Helicobacter Is Concomitant With Modified Gut Microbiota and Drastic Failure of the Immune Control of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Majlessi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.002","article-title":"A Large Polysaccharide Produced by Helicobacter Hepaticus Induces an Anti-Inflammatory Gene Signature in Macrophages","volume":"22","author":"Danne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aal5068","article-title":"Helicobacter Species Are Potent Drivers of Colonic T Cell Responses in Homeostasis and Inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25500","article-title":"C-Maf-Dependent Regulatory T Cells Mediate Immunological Tolerance to a Gut Pathobiont","volume":"554","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180871","article-title":"Antigen-Presenting Ilc3 Regulate T Cell-Dependent Iga Responses to Colonic Mucosal Bacteria","volume":"216","author":"Melo-Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.013","article-title":"Extrathymically Generated Regulatory T Cells Establish a Niche for Intestinal Border-Dwelling Bacteria and Affect Physiologic Metabolite Balance","volume":"48","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.03.016","article-title":"Il-6 Drives Neutrophil-Mediated Pulmonary Inflammation Associated With Bacteremia in Murine Models of Colitis","volume":"188","author":"Mateer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0163-3","article-title":"Platelet Activating Factor Receptor Regulates Colitis-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation Through the Nlrp3 Inflammasome","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12980","article-title":"Advanced Age Promotes Colonic Dysfunction and Gut-Derived Lung Infection After Stroke","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0386-z","article-title":"Influenza a Virus Infection Impacts Systemic Microbiota Dynamics and Causes Quantitative Enteric Dysbiosis","volume":"6","author":"Yildiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.013","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis During Influenza Contributes to Pulmonary Pneumococcal Superinfection Through Altered Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production","volume":"30","author":"Sencio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa709","article-title":"Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 or H1n1 Influenza","volume":"71","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14771","article-title":"Influence of H7n9 Virus Infection and Associated Treatment on Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140625","article-title":"Respiratory Influenza Virus Infection Induces Intestinal Immune Injury Via Microbiota-Mediated Th17 Cell-Dependent Inflammation","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00734-20","article-title":"Influenza Virus Infection Impairs the Gut\u2019s Barrier Properties and Favors Secondary Enteric Bacterial Infection Through Reduced Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"89","author":"Sencio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005572","article-title":"Influenza Virus Affects Intestinal Microbiota and Secondary Salmonella Infection in the Gut Through Type I Interferons","volume":"12","author":"Deriu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00182","article-title":"Respiratory Disease Following Viral Lung Infection Alters the Murine Gut Microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Groves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03236-19","article-title":"Respiratory Viral Infection Alters the Gut Microbiota by Inducing Inappetence","volume":"11","author":"Groves","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01816-5","article-title":"Altered Gut Microbiota in Infants Is Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Severity","volume":"20","author":"Harding","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1893113","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 Infection in Nonhuman Primates Alters the Composition and Functional Activity of the Gut Microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Sokol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2018900","article-title":"Alteration of the Gut Microbiota Following Sars-Cov-2 Infection Correlates With Disease Severity in Hamsters","volume":"14","author":"Sencio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00536-21","article-title":"Mild and Severe Sars-Cov-2 Infection Induces Respiratory and Intestinal Microbiome Changes in the K18-Hace2 Transgenic Mouse Model","volume":"9","author":"Seibert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.04.002","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Molecular Signatures of Host Response to Infection","volume":"48","author":"Gou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048","article-title":"Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With Covid-19 During Time of Hospitalization","volume":"159","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140825","article-title":"Alveolar Macrophage-Derived Type I Interferons Orchestrate Innate Immunity to Rsv Through Recruitment of Antiviral Monocytes","volume":"212","author":"Goritzka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.15.452246","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis During Covid-19 Is Associated With Increased Risk for Bacteremia and Microbial Translocation","author":"Venzon","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686240","article-title":"Plasma Markers of Disrupted Gut Permeability in Severe Covid-19 Patients","volume":"12","author":"Giron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13458","article-title":"Respiratory Dysfunction Three Months After Severe Covid-19 Is Associated With Gut Microbiota Alterations","author":"Vestad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Internal Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325989","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dynamics in a Prospective Cohort of Patients With Post-Acute Covid-19 Syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.013","article-title":"Prolonged Impairment of Short-Chain Fatty Acid and L-Isoleucine Biosynthesis in Gut Microbiome in Patients With Covid-19","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000712","article-title":"Association of Digestive Symptoms and Hospitalization in Patients With Sars-Cov-2 Infection","volume":"115","author":"Cholankeril","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30113-4","article-title":"Viral Load of Sars-Cov-2 in Clinical Samples","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 Productively Infects Human Gut Enterocytes","volume":"369","author":"Lamers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.029","article-title":"Intestinal Inflammation Modulates the Expression of Ace2 and Tmprss2 and Potentially Overlaps With the Pathogenesis of Sars-Cov-2-Related Disease","volume":"160","author":"Suarez-Farinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20457-w","article-title":"Host and Viral Determinants for Efficient Sars-Cov-2 Infection of the Human Lung","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097048","article-title":"Aerosol Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection Causes Rapid Loss of Diversity in Gut Microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Winglee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0286-2","article-title":"Longitudinal Profiling Reveals a Persistent Intestinal Dysbiosis Triggered by Conventional Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1782-2","article-title":"Characterization of Gut Microbiota in Children With Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00822","article-title":"Alternation of Gut Microbiota in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008230","article-title":"Patients Infected With Mycobacterium Africanum Versus Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Possess Distinct Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877533\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T05:16:19Z","timestamp":1651122979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877533\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.877533","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"article-number":"877533"}}