{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:05:37Z","timestamp":1793379937357,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> is the world\u2019s deadliest bacterial infection, resulting in more than 1.4 million deaths annually. The emergence of drug-resistance to first-line antibiotic therapy poses a threat to successful treatment, and novel therapeutic options are required, particularly for drug-resistant tuberculosis. One modality emerging for TB treatment is therapeutic vaccination. As opposed to preventative vaccination \u2013 the aim of which is to prevent getting infected by <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> or developing active tuberculosis, the purpose of therapeutic vaccination is as adjunctive treatment of TB or to prevent relapse following cure. Several candidate therapeutic vaccines, using killed whole-cell or live attenuated mycobacteria, mycobacterial fragments and viral vectored vaccines are in current clinical trials. Other modes of passive immunization, including monoclonal antibodies directed against <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> antigens are in various pre-clinical stages of development. Here, we will discuss these various therapeutics and their proposed mechanisms of action. Although the full clinical utility of therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of tuberculosis is yet to be established, they hold potential as useful adjunct therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.878471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T08:00:56Z","timestamp":1656057656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Therapeutic Vaccines for Tuberculosis: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rania","family":"Bouzeyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Javid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30418-7","article-title":"\u2018WHO Global Progress Report on Tuberculosis Elimination\u2019","volume":"8","author":"Harding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02469-8","article-title":"\u2018How COVID is Derailing the Fight Against HIV, TB and Malaria\u2019","volume":"597","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldu011","article-title":"\u2018Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis\u2019","volume":"110","author":"Toosky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1815121","article-title":"\u2018Bedaquiline Microheteroresistance After Cessation of Tuberculosis Treatment\u2019","volume":"380","author":"de Vos","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.042","article-title":"\u2018Mdr\/XDR-TB Management of Patients and Contacts: Challenges Facing the New Decade. 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