{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1772239511612,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Organ transplantation is currently an effective method for treating organ failure. Long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs has huge side effects, which severely restricts the long-term survival of patients.<jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>can affect the host\u2019s immune system by synthesizing, secreting, or excreting a variety of immunomodulatory molecules, but its role in transplantation was not well defined. In order to explore whether<jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>-related products can suppress rejection and induce long-term survival of the transplant, we used soluble egg antigen (SEA) of<jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>in mouse skin transplantation models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each mouse was intraperitoneally injected with 100 \u03bcg of SEA three times a week for four consecutive weeks before allogenic skin transplant. Skin transplants were performed on day 0 to observe graft survival. Pathological examination of skin grafts was conducted 7 days post transplantation. The skin grafts were subjected to mRNA sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted and the expression of hub genes was verified by qPCR. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the immune status and validate the results from bioinformatic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean survival time (MST) of mouse skin grafts in the SEA-treated group was 11.67 \u00b1 0.69 days, while that of the control group was 8.00 \u00b1 0.36 days. Pathological analysis showed that<jats:italic>Sj<\/jats:italic>SEA treatment led to reduced inflammatory infiltration within skin grafts 7 days after allogenic skin transplantation. Bioinformatics analysis identified 86 DEGs between the<jats:italic>Sj<\/jats:italic>SEA treatment group and the control group, including 39 upregulated genes and 47 downregulated genes. Further analysis revealed that<jats:italic>Sj<\/jats:italic>SEA mediated regulation on cellular response to interferon-\u03b3, activation of IL-17 signaling and chemokine signaling pathways, as well as cytokine\u2013cytokine receptor interaction. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SEA treatment led to higher percentages of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Foxp3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and decreased CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells in skin transplantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Sj<\/jats:italic>SEA treatment suppressed rejection and prolonged skin graft survival by regulating immune responses.<jats:italic>Sj<\/jats:italic>SEA treatment might be a potential new therapeutic strategy to facilitate anti-rejection therapy and even to induce tolerance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.884006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T15:38:37Z","timestamp":1657813117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Protective Effect of the Soluble Egg Antigen of Schistosoma japonicum in A Mouse Skin Transplantation Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoqin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingzi","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0902927","article-title":"Rejection of the Kidney Allograft","volume":"363","author":"Nankivell","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60699-5","article-title":"Diagnosis and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Allograft Loss","volume":"378","author":"Nankivell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00453","article-title":"Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease","volume":"8","author":"Giacomin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01886-6","article-title":"A Structurally Distinct TGF-\u03b2 Mimic From an Intestinal Helminth Parasite Potently Induces Regulatory T Cells","volume":"8","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05040-11","article-title":"Helminth Infections and Host Immune Regulation","volume":"25","author":"McSorley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30533-3","article-title":"Helminths in Organ Transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Prolonged Skin Allograft Survival in Chronic Schistosomiasis","volume":"91","author":"Aboul-Enein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Schistosoma Mansoni: Impairment of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Mice","volume":"28","author":"Araujo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"& -Ping, W.S. 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