{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:38:42Z","timestamp":1793216322207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Enterotoxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ETEC) infection induced post-weaning diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in newly weaned pigs and one of the significant drivers for antimicrobial use in swine production. ETEC attachment to the small intestine initiates ETEC colonization and infection. The secretion of enterotoxins further disrupts intestinal barrier function and induces intestinal inflammation in weaned pigs. ETEC infection can also aggravate the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis due to weaning stress and increase the susceptibility of weaned pigs to other enteric infectious diseases, which may result in diarrhea or sudden death. Therefore, the amount of antimicrobial drugs for medical treatment purposes in major food-producing animal species is still significant. The alternative practices that may help reduce the reliance on such antimicrobial drugs and address animal health requirements are needed. Nutritional intervention in order to enhance intestinal health and the overall performance of weaned pigs is one of the most powerful practices in the antibiotic-free production system. This review summarizes the utilization of several categories of feed additives or supplements, such as direct-fed microbials, prebiotics, phytochemicals, lysozyme, and micro minerals in newly weaned pigs. The current understanding of these candidates on intestinal health and disease resistance of pigs under ETEC infection are particularly discussed, which may inspire more research on the development of alternative practices to support food-producing animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T03:39:35Z","timestamp":1659670775000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection of weaned pigs: Intestinal challenges and nutritional intervention to enhance disease resistance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kwangwook","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minho","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.16.0118","article-title":"Stress, nutrition, and intestinal immune responses in pigs \u2014 a review","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00064","article-title":"Psychosocial stress and immunity\u2013what can we learn from pig studies","volume":"12","author":"Gimsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AN19279","article-title":"Associations between gastrointestinal-tract function and the stress response after weaning in pigs","volume":"59","author":"Pluske","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Prod. Sci"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Swine 2012; part II: Reference of swine health and health management in the united states, 2012USDA\u2013APHIS\u2013VS\u2013CEAH\u2013NAHMS2015"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Presentation of postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in southern Ontario, prevalence of hemolytic e. coli serogroups involved, and their antimicrobial resistance patterns","volume":"66","author":"Amezcua","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00015-09","article-title":"Pathogenomics of the virulence plasmids of Escherichia coli","volume":"73","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev MMBR"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Nataro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2005.07.003","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in veterinary medicine","volume":"295","author":"Nagy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.36-4-167","article-title":"Escherichia coli infections","volume":"36","author":"Makvana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1079\/ahr2005105","article-title":"Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: An update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies","volume":"6","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals","volume":"30","author":"Nagy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-13","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Croxen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.25861","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut. Microbes"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.032","article-title":"Review on pathogenicity mechanism of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and vaccines against it","volume":"117","author":"Mirhoseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0299-7","article-title":"Post weaning diarrheain pigs: risk factors and non-colistin-based control strategies","volume":"59","author":"Rhouma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.10.002","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection","volume":"12","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0006-2016","article-title":"Animal enterotoxigenic","volume":"7","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Escherichia coli. EcoSal. Plus"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(01)00504-1","article-title":"Prevalence of serogroups and virulence genes in Escherichia coli associated with postweaning diarrhoea and edema disease in pigs and a comparison of diagnostic approaches","volume":"85","author":"Frydendahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2003.06.012","article-title":"CFTR pharmacology and its role in intestinal fluid secretion","volume":"3","author":"Thiagarajah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680410001663267","article-title":"Cholera toxin: a paradigm for multi-functional engagement of cellular mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Haan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Membr Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06355.x","article-title":"Activation of intestinal CFTR cl-channel by heat-stable enterotoxin and guanylin via cAMP-dependent protein kinase","volume":"13","author":"Chao","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.09.014","article-title":"Optimization of a small intestinal segment perfusion model for heat-stable enterotoxin a induced secretion in pigs","volume":"152","author":"Loos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3202","article-title":"Calcium influx mediated by the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin b (STB)","volume":"90","author":"Dreyfus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00455-13","article-title":"Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin b impairs intestinal epithelial barrier function by altering tight junction proteins","volume":"81","author":"Ngendahayo Mukiza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-5793(02)03182-4","article-title":"Transport of protein toxins into cells: Pathways used by ricin, cholera toxin and shiga toxin","volume":"529","author":"Sandvig","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0041-0101(01)00150-7","article-title":"Shiga toxins","volume":"39","author":"Sandvig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5985-5993.1999","article-title":"Shiga toxins stimulate secretion of interleukin-8 from intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"67","author":"Thorpe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2161(08)60309-3","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria","volume":"17","author":"Luderitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Curr Top Membr Transp."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.64.1.25","article-title":"LPS-binding proteins and receptors","volume":"64","author":"Fenton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.1148","article-title":"Bacterial invasion augments epithelial cytokine responses to Escherichia coli through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent mechanism","volume":"166","author":"Schilling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006006","article-title":"Role of intestinal epithelial cells in the innate immune defence of the pig intestine","volume":"37","author":"Oswald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059838","article-title":"Early weaning stress in pigs impairs innate mucosal immune responses to enterotoxigenic e. coli challenge and exacerbates intestinal injury and clinical disease","volume":"8","author":"McLamb","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00961-7","article-title":"Porcine small intestinal organoids as a model to explore ETEC\u2013host interactions in the gut","volume":"52","author":"Vermeire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.35","article-title":"The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00248","article-title":"The role of the gastrointestinal mucus system in intestinal homeostasis: Implications for neurological disorders","volume":"10","author":"Herath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803124105","article-title":"The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Johansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2384","article-title":"The role of secretory antibodies in infection immunity","volume":"8","author":"Strugnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0364-3","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis influenced intestinal health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic e","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"coli. J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01589-13","article-title":"Host inflammatory response inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 adhesion to gut epithelium through augmentation of mucin expression","volume":"82","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.09.002","article-title":"Heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli promotes intestinal colonization of Salmonella enterica","volume":"43","author":"Verbrugghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01078-13","article-title":"EatA, an immunogenic protective antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, degrades intestinal mucin","volume":"82","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01106-13","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli secretes a highly conserved mucin-degrading metalloprotease to effectively engage intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"82","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00572-21","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli degrades the host MUC2 mucin barrier to facilitate critical pathogen-enterocyte interactions in human small intestine","volume":"90","author":"Sheikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35067088","article-title":"Multifunctional strands in tight junctions","volume":"2","author":"Tsukita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200211000-00012","article-title":"Intestinal barrier function","volume":"5","author":"Baumgart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(02)00037-8","article-title":"Tight junction proteins","volume":"81","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mariscal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/402593","article-title":"The dual role of zonula occludens (ZO) proteins","volume":"2010","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J BioMed Biotechnol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.08.004","article-title":"Tight junction structure and function revisited","volume":"30","author":"Otani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.80","article-title":"Tight junctions: From simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates","volume":"17","author":"Zihni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.3.439","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial responses to enteric pathogens: Effects on the tight junction barrier, ion transport, and inflammation","volume":"52","author":"Berkes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001152","article-title":"Glutamine supplementation improves intestinal barrier function in a weaned piglet model of Escherichia coli infection","volume":"106","author":"Ewaschuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5540","article-title":"Lactobacillus amylophilus D14 protects tight junction from enteropathogenic bacteria damage in caco-2 cells","volume":"95","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6528","article-title":"Changes in gut microbial populations, intestinal morphology, expression of tight junction proteins, and cytokine production between two pig breeds after challenge with Escherichia coli K88: A comparative study","volume":"91","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6619","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on diarrhea and intestinal barrier function of young piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.03.005","article-title":"Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on epithelial barrier disruption caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in intestinal porcine epithelial cells","volume":"172","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0355-8","article-title":"Influence of orally fed a select mixture of Bacillus probiotics on intestinal T-cell migration in weaned MUC4 resistant pigs following Escherichia coli challenge","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13936","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with Clostridium butyricum helps to improve the intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz093","article-title":"A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa113","article-title":"Effects of an F18 enterotoxigenic escherichia coli challenge on growth performance, immunological status, and gastrointestinal structure of weaned pigs and the potential protective effect of direct-fed microbial blends","volume":"98","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005508","article-title":"Diosmectite\u2013zinc oxide composite improves intestinal barrier function, modulates expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction protein in early weaned pigs","volume":"110","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-842x(00)88906-4","article-title":"Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"3","author":"Berg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000479918","article-title":"Bacterial translocation from the gut to the distant organs: An overview","author":"Nagpal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.04933.x","article-title":"Bacterial translocation: Overview of mechanisms and clinical impact","volume":"22","author":"Balzan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-52","article-title":"Escherichia coli challenge and one type of smectite alter intestinal barrier of pigs","volume":"4","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1213","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Holmgren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.24","article-title":"The role of neutrophils during intestinal inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Fournier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00160","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation: What controls its onset","volume":"7","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-6194","article-title":"Dietary plant extracts alleviate diarrhea and alter immune responses of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6422","article-title":"Dietary plant extracts modulate gene expression profiles in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs after an Escherichia coli infection","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2120-2129.2003","article-title":"Flagellin of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli stimulates interleukin-8 production in T84 cells","volume":"71","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1997.273.4.C1160","article-title":"Activation of NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells by enteropathogenic escherichia coli","volume":"273","author":"Savkovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.4.G890","article-title":"EPEC-activated ERK1\/2 participate in inflammatory response but not tight junction barrier disruption","volume":"281","author":"Savkovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.3.1396-1404.2003","article-title":"Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 disrupts Stat1-mediated gamma interferon signal transduction in epithelial cells","volume":"71","author":"Ceponis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092239","article-title":"NOD-like receptors: role in innate immunity and inflammatory disease","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.3.802","article-title":"Gram-negative sepsis: Background, clinical features, and intervention","volume":"100","author":"Bone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B79","article-title":"Efficacy of monoclonal antibody against human recombinant tumor necrosis factor in e. coli-challenged swine","volume":"141","author":"Jesmok","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3662","article-title":"Dietary clays alleviate diarrhea of weaned pigs","volume":"90","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.12.004","article-title":"Algae-derived \u03b2-glucan enhanced gut health and immune responses of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli","volume":"248","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104183","article-title":"Modulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on intestinal mucosal immunity and microbial community of weaned piglets challenged by an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88)","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12513","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophages against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 on clinical symptoms of post-weaning pigs challenged with the ETEC pathogen","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.683863","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum helps to alleviate inflammation in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3430","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease","volume":"13","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.05.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in postweaning piglets: Understanding the keys to health","volume":"25","author":"Gresse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252312000084","article-title":"The intestinal microbiome of the pig","volume":"13","author":"Isaacson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2016-0031","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in the health and disease of pigs","volume":"6","author":"Fouhse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Front"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169851","article-title":"Characterisation of early-life fecal microbiota in susceptible and healthy pigs to post-weaning diarrhoea","volume":"12","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0721-7","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market reveals stage and growth performance associated bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1704-9","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota mediates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in piglets","volume":"14","author":"Bin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? a changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Rinninella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106399","article-title":"Characterization of the fecal microbiota of pigs before and after inoculation with \u201cBrachyspira hampsonii\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17830-z","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota profiles in sows and neonatal piglets associated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky260","article-title":"Analysis of temporal fecal microbiota dynamics in weaner pigs with and without exposure to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"96","author":"Pollock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00573","article-title":"Synbiotic effects of enzyme and probiotics on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Duarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01110","article-title":"Dietary soluble and insoluble fiber with or without enzymes altered the intestinal microbiota in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic e. coli F18","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02466-5","article-title":"Dietary fermented soybean meal replacement alleviates diarrhea in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by modulating inflammatory cytokine levels and cecal microbiota composition","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02670K","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum relieves diarrhea caused by enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli through inflammation modulation and gut microbiota regulation","volume":"11","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04423.x","article-title":"The effects of dietary additives on faecal levels of Lactobacillus spp., coliforms, and Escherichia coli, and faecal prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in US production nursery swine","volume":"108","author":"Wells","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4297","article-title":"Granulated lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology of 10-day-old pigs","volume":"90","author":"May","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00024.x","article-title":"Penicillin binding proteins: Key players in bacterial cell cycle and drug resistance processes","volume":"30","author":"Macheboeuf","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.017","article-title":"Beta-lactam antibiotics induce a lethal malfunctioning of the bacterial cell wall synthesis machinery","volume":"159","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1265","article-title":"The bacterial ribosome as a target for antibiotics","volume":"3","author":"Poehlsgaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3155","article-title":"Ribosome-targeting antibiotics and mechanisms of bacterial resistance","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008685107","article-title":"Revisiting the structures of several antibiotics bound to the bacterial ribosome","volume":"107","author":"Bulkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MD00120D","article-title":"Quinolone antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235662","article-title":"Quinolones: Mechanism, lethality and their contributions to antibiotic resistance","volume":"25","author":"Bush","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071714-034441","article-title":"Nuclear folate metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Field","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20204996","article-title":"Folic acid antagonists: Antimicrobial and immunomodulating mechanisms and applications","volume":"20","author":"Fernandez-Villa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2013.787422","article-title":"Sulfa and trimethoprim-like drugs\u2013antimetabolites acting as carbonic anhydrase, dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors","volume":"29","author":"Capasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib. Med Chem"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1081\/ABIO-120005767","article-title":"Why and how antibiotics are used in swine production","volume":"13","author":"Cromwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.17.0418","article-title":"Current status and prospects for in-feed antibiotics in the different stages of pork production\u2013a review","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3596","article-title":"Weaned pig responses to Escherichia coli K88 oral challenge when receiving a lysozyme supplement","volume":"90","author":"Nyachoti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016.1243","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation protects weaned pigs against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 challenge and improves performance similar to antibiotics","volume":"95","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4434","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP243 on the growth performance and cytokine response of weaning pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"90","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8539","article-title":"Comparison of three patterns of feed supplementation with live Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on postweaning diarrhea, health status, and blood metabolic profile of susceptible weaning pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli F4ac","volume":"93","author":"Trevisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40781-014-0038-9","article-title":"Effects of a lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide dietary supplement, on growth parameters and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs artificially infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8171790x","article-title":"Response of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody, zinc oxide, fumaric acid, or antibiotic1","volume":"81","author":"Owusu-Asiedu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab196","article-title":"Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli\u2013challenged weaned pigs fed canola meal-containing diet","volume":"99","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa290","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis: A potential growth promoter in weaned pigs in comparison to carbadox","volume":"98","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab073","article-title":"Trace amounts of antibiotic exacerbated diarrhea and systemic inflammation of weaned pigs infected with a pathogenic escherichia coli","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00655-2","article-title":"Supplementation of oligosaccharide-based polymer enhanced growth and disease resistance of weaned pigs by modulating intestinal integrity and systemic immunity","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.11.040","article-title":"Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: A review","volume":"169","author":"Ben","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10495390600956946","article-title":"Reduced use of antibiotic growth promoters in diets fed to weanling pigs: Dietary tools, part 1","volume":"17","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665107005484","article-title":"Nutritional management of gut health in pigs around weaning","volume":"66","author":"Lalles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: A review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds","volume":"97","author":"Heo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.01.007","article-title":"Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845934729.0000","article-title":"Mineral nutrition of livestock","author":"Suttle","year":"2010"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1114","article-title":"Zinc signals and immune function","volume":"40","author":"Haase","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102222","article-title":"Zinc signals and immunity","volume":"18","author":"Maywald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286","article-title":"Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function","volume":"9","author":"Wessels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.11.008","article-title":"Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09064709509415847","article-title":"Zinc oxide for weanling piglets","volume":"45","author":"Poulsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Agric Scand Sect. \u2014 Anim Sci"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.7841010x","article-title":"Growth promotion effects and plasma changes from feeding high dietary concentrations of zinc and copper to weanling pigs (regional study)","volume":"78","author":"Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00533-3","article-title":"Digestibility and metabolism of copper in diets for pigs and influence of dietary copper on growth performance, intestinal health, and overall immune status: A review","volume":"12","author":"Espinosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9018","article-title":"Dietary organic zinc attenuates heat stress\u2013induced changes in pig intestinal integrity and metabolism","volume":"93","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9422-9","article-title":"Zinc oxide\u2013montmorillonite hybrid influences diarrhea, intestinal mucosal integrity, and digestive enzyme activity in weaned pigs","volume":"149","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem. Res"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509289033","article-title":"Supplemental zinc reduced intestinal permeability by enhancing occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression in weaning piglets","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000300","article-title":"Coated zinc oxide improves intestinal immunity function and regulates microbiota composition in weaned piglets","volume":"111","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.12.4077","article-title":"Zinc oxide protects cultured enterocytes from the damage induced by Escherichia coli","volume":"133","author":"Roselli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00853.x","article-title":"The effect of zinc oxide supplementation on the stability of the intestinal flora with special reference to composition of coliforms in weaned pigs","volume":"87","author":"Katouli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719852144","article-title":"Zinc overload in weaned pigs: Tissue accumulation, pathology, and growth impacts","volume":"31","author":"Burrough","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720944368","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis in farmed pigs fed excessive zinc oxide","volume":"32","author":"Komatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.06.004","article-title":"The broader context of antibiotic resistance: Zinc feed supplementation of piglets increases the proportion of multi-resistant Escherichia coli in vivo","volume":"303","author":"Bednorz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v25.25862","article-title":"Zinc and copper in animal feed\u2013development of resistance and co-resistance to antimicrobial agents in bacteria of animal origin","volume":"25","author":"Yazdankhah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb Ecol Health Dis"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-015-0071-3","article-title":"High dietary zinc supplementation increases the occurrence of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes in the intestine of weaned pigs","volume":"7","author":"Vahjen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut. Pathog"},{"key":"B148","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria","year":"2001"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10495390600957191","article-title":"Reduced use of antibiotic growth promoters in diets fed to weanling pigs: Dietary tools, part 2","volume":"17","author":"Stein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.06.058","article-title":"Influence of probiotics on gut health in the weaned pig","volume":"133","author":"Le Bon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.007","article-title":"Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization","volume":"3","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.007","article-title":"Bacillus probiotics","volume":"28","author":"Cutting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217021","article-title":"Identification of Bacillus species: Implication on the quality of probiotic formulations","volume":"14","author":"Celandroni","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B154","volume-title":"Bacillus spp.: As plant growth-promoting bacteria","author":"Sansinenea","year":"2019"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.12.5241-5247.2000","article-title":"Characterization of Bacillus species used for oral bacteriotherapy and bacterioprophylaxis of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"66","author":"Hoa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.2.968-978.2005","article-title":"Screening for Bacillus isolates in the broiler gastrointestinal tract","volume":"71","author":"Barbosa Teresa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5343-6","article-title":"Characterization of Bacillus spp. strains for use as probiotic additives in pig feed","volume":"98","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13690","article-title":"Bacillus probiotics: an alternative to antibiotics for livestock production","volume":"124","author":"Mingmongkolchai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab058","article-title":"Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on weanling pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility","volume":"5","author":"Lewton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Anim Sci"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00354","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis improves immunity and disease resistance in rabbits","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00564","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis strains on intestinal barrier function and inflammatory response","volume":"10","author":"Rhayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02747-16","article-title":"Oral administration of a select mixture of Bacillus probiotics affects the gut microbiota and goblet cell function following Escherichia coli challenge in newly weaned pigs of genotype MUC4 that are supposed to be enterotoxigenic e. coli F4ab\/ac receptor negative","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0380-3","article-title":"Bacillus sp. probiotic supplementation diminish the Escherichia coli F4ac infection in susceptible weaned pigs by influencing the intestinal immune response, intestinal microbiota and blood metabolomics","volume":"10","author":"Luise","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2244(97)01030-3","article-title":"Potential of lactic acid bacteria and novel antimicrobials against gram-negative bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Helander","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4526(05)50001-9","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria and their uses in animal feeding to improve food safety","volume":"50","author":"Brashears","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"B166","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Probiotic-pathogen interactions and entericcytoprotection","author":"Malago","year":"2011"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040666","article-title":"Risks associated with high-dose lactobacillus rhamnosus in an Escherichia coli model of piglet diarrhoea: Intestinal microbiota and immune imbalances","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601658","article-title":"Interaction of lactic acid bacteria with the gut immune system","volume":"56","author":"Perdigon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4407-3","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria for improving immune functions and benefits","volume":"96","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.276.4.G941","article-title":"Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic e. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression","volume":"276","author":"Mack","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4010034","article-title":"The use of lactic acid bacteria as a probiotic in swine diets","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.134","article-title":"Role of yeast cell wall polysaccharides in pig nutrition and health protection","volume":"109","author":"Kogan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.125","article-title":"Structure, preparation, modification, and bioactivities of \u03b2-glucan and mannan from yeast cell wall: A review","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.1974","article-title":"Immunostimulatory properties and antitumor activities of glucans (Review)","volume":"43","author":"Vannucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2009.10.008","article-title":"Brewer\u2019s Saccharomyces yeast biomass: Characteristics and potential applications","volume":"21","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3030417","article-title":"Live yeast and yeast cell wall supplements enhance immune function and performance in food-producing livestock: A review","volume":"3","author":"Broadway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116001178","article-title":"Effect of feed supplementation with live yeast on the intestinal transcriptome profile of weaning pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli F4","volume":"11","author":"Trevisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200479","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Updating the concept of prebiotics","volume":"17","author":"Gibson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/67940\/2001","article-title":"Pro- and prebiotics in pig nutrition-potential modulators of gut health","volume":"10","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anim Feed Sci"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041343","article-title":"Prebiotics and resistance to gastrointestinal infections","volume":"93","author":"Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31248-4_9","article-title":"How to manipulate the microbiota: Prebiotics","volume":"902","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0481-y","article-title":"Effects of prebiotics on immune system and cytokine expression","volume":"206","author":"Shokryazdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl)"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110625","article-title":"Immune boosting functional foods and their mechanisms: A critical evaluation of probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"130","author":"Ashaolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510003363","article-title":"Prebiotic effects: Metabolic and health benefits","volume":"104","author":"Roberfroid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109473","article-title":"Health promoting microbial metabolites produced by gut microbiota after prebiotics metabolism","volume":"136","author":"Peredo-Lovillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2018.04.006","article-title":"Role of probiotics and prebiotics in immunomodulation","volume":"20","author":"Yahfoufi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Food Sci"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12409","article-title":"Impact of prebiotics on immune response: From the bench to the clinic","volume":"99","author":"Pujari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01998D","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharides improve growth performance and intestinal epithelium function in weaned pigs exposed to enterotoxigenic","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Escherichia coli. Food Funct"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521004451","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of fructooligosaccharides alleviates enterotoxigenic E. coli-induced disruption of intestinal epithelium in a weaned piglet model","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.01.008","article-title":"Human milk and related oligosaccharides as prebiotics","volume":"24","author":"Barile","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.040","article-title":"Adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains to neoglycans synthesised with prebiotic galactooligosaccharides","volume":"141","author":"Sarabia-Sainz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2015.07.003","article-title":"A critical review on production and industrial applications of beta-glucans","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.311","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-glucans on an ETEC infection in piglets","volume":"128","author":"Stuyven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x","article-title":"\u03b2-glucan recognition by the innate immune system","volume":"230","author":"Goodridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0010(20000915)80:12<1744::AID-JSFA725>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Phytochemicals: Nutraceuticals and human health","volume":"80","author":"Dillard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.16.0438","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of phytochemicals and their potential effects on oxidative status in animals\u2013a review","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1251390","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes: A review","volume":"58","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0559-6","article-title":"Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint","volume":"8","author":"Khameneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-019-00691-6","article-title":"Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants: Applications and drug delivery strategies","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Shabat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Delivery Transl Res"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683815010044","article-title":"Influence of phytochemical profile on antibacterial activity of different medicinal plants against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria","volume":"51","author":"Bobis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Microbiol"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867322666150530210522","article-title":"Insights on antimicrobial resistance, niofilms and the use of phytochemicals as new antimicrobial agents","volume":"22","author":"Borges A","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2016.12.003","article-title":"Phytochemicals for human disease: An update on plant-derived compounds antibacterial activity","volume":"196","author":"Barbieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6121451","article-title":"Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Nazzaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3012462","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: An updated review","volume":"2016","author":"Swamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2019.11.002","article-title":"Plant-derived secondary metabolites as the main source of efflux pump inhibitors and methods for identification","volume":"10","author":"Seukep","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109318","article-title":"Critical discovery and synthesis of novel antibacterial and resistance-modifying agents inspired by plant phytochemical defense mechanisms","volume":"333","author":"Soliman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00340-07","article-title":"Carvacrol induces heat shock protein 60 and inhibits synthesis of flagellin in Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"73","author":"Burt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09669-6","article-title":"Anti-adhesion activity of phytochemicals to prevent Campylobacter jejuni biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces","volume":"20","author":"Klancnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3020473","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of selected phytochemicals against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and their niofilms","volume":"3","author":"Monte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00109B","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy-guided fractionation reveals the influence of cranberry phytochemicals on adhesion of Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.767221","article-title":"Fruit polyphenols: A review of anti-inflammatory effects in humans","volume":"56","author":"Joseph","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666161123094235","article-title":"Functional foods for health: The interrelated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices and cocoa in humans","volume":"22","author":"Serafini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15129252","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils: A short review","volume":"15","author":"Miguel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.05.055","article-title":"A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils","volume":"62","author":"Raut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2016.1153002","article-title":"Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review","volume":"28","author":"El-Hack","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Essent Oil Res"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020330","article-title":"Essential oils in livestock: From health to food quality","volume":"10","author":"Nehme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00183-X","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: Down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-\u03baB activation","author":"Surh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat Res Mol Mech Mutagen"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.606069","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory properties of phytochemicals and their effects on epigenetic mechanisms involved in TLR4\/NF-\u03baB-Mediated inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23161","article-title":"Targeting NOX, INOS and COX-2 in inflammatory cells: Chemoprevention using food phytochemicals","volume":"121","author":"Murakami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708784911579","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity mediated by flavonoids","volume":"15","author":"Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6920-9","volume-title":"Phytochemistry: An in-silico and in-vitro update: Advances in phytochemical research","author":"Kumar","year":"2019"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2015-0072","article-title":"Effect of phytogenics on growth performance, fecal score, blood profiles, fecal noxious gas emission, digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88","volume":"18","author":"Mohana Devi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214267","article-title":"Chestnut extract but not sodium salicylate decreases the severity of diarrhea and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 shedding in artificially infected piglets","volume":"15","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.01.019","article-title":"Cranberry extract inhibits in vitro adhesion of F4 and F18+ Escherichia coli to pig intestinal epithelium and reduces in vivo excretion of pigs orally challenged with F18+ verotoxigenic e. coli","volume":"202","author":"Coddens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115407","article-title":"Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme","volume":"88","author":"Ellison","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09629359890893","article-title":"A novel anti-inflammatory activity of lysozyme: Modulation of serum complement activation","volume":"7","author":"Ogundele","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.0141","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of native and modified hen egg white lysozyme","volume":"19","author":"Carrillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006512","article-title":"From bacterial killing to immune modulation: Recent insights into the functions of lysozyme","volume":"13","author":"Ragland","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1095-1057","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of lysozyme and lactoferrin is inhibited by binding of advanced glycation-modified proteins to a conserved motif","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5782","article-title":"Lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology in nursery pigs1","volume":"91","author":"Oliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.251322","article-title":"Young pigs consuming lysozyme transgenic goat milk are protected from clinical symptoms of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infection","volume":"147","author":"Garas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0511-4219","article-title":"Lysozyme improves gut performance and protects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in neonatal piglets","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T03:39:52Z","timestamp":1659670792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"references-count":233,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"article-number":"885253"}}