{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T21:44:13Z","timestamp":1769204653261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis are limited, and new tests are necessary to enhance disease diagnosis and surveillance. Identification of novel disease-specific biomarkers may facilitate the development of such tests. We evaluated a panel of biomarkers used in sepsis and parasitic diseases for their potential suitability in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study evaluated the levels of systemic plasma biomarkers in relation to <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection and parasite burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six biomarkers were measured in the plasma of children from schistosomiasis-endemic regions using ELISA. The concentration of soluble CD23 (sCD23) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was tested in 199 and 124 plasma samples, respectively, while interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid (sTREM) cells, eotaxin-1, and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) concentrations were tested in 30 plasma samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The concentration of IL-6, eotaxin-1, FABP, and LPS was similar between schistosome-infected and uninfected children. The schistosome-infected children had higher median levels of sTREM and sCD23 as compared to uninfected children, 119.0 (29.9\u2013208.9) versus 10.7 (0.0\u201373.4) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.046) and 2,549.0 (1,899.0\u20133,356.0) vs. 2,035.0 (1,448.0\u20132,939.0) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.05), respectively. In addition, sTREM was positively correlated with egg density (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.017).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data show that active schistosomiasis <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> is associated with elevated levels of sTREM and sCD23. sTREM has potential diagnostic and prognostic values. However, these biomarkers did not distinguish between children with low egg burden and uninfected children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T13:15:03Z","timestamp":1651842903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Potential Utility of Systemic Plasma Biomarkers for Evaluation of Pediatric Schistosomiasis in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bartholomew N.","family":"Ondigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael E.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin O.","family":"Magomere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac O.","family":"Onkanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline N.","family":"Mwinzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurice R.","family":"Odiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ganley-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v15i1.2535","article-title":"Effects of Water Source, Sanitation and Hygiene on the Prevalence of Schistosoma Mansoni Among School Age Children in Jawe District, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Hailu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian J Parasitology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/WASHDEV.2021.182","article-title":"Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Schistosomiasis Prevention: a Qualitative Analysis of Experiences of Stakeholders in Rural KwaZulu-Natal","volume":"11","author":"Mulopo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Water Sanitation Hygiene Dev"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Global Update on Implementation of Preventive Chemotherapy Against Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2018","volume":"94","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record No 38"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005524","article-title":"Cognitive Deficits and Educational Loss in Children With Schistosome Infection\u2014a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ezeamama","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0006484","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Africa: Improving Strategies for Long-Term and Sustainable Morbidity Control","volume":"12","author":"French","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005872","article-title":"Spatial Distribution and Risk Factors of Schistosoma Haematobium and Hookworm Infections Among Schoolchildren in Kwale, Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Chadeka","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.01.006","article-title":"Impact of Two Rounds of Praziquantel Mass Drug Administration on Schistosoma Mansoni Infection Prevalence and Intensity: a Comparison Between Community Wide Treatment and School Based Treatment in Western Kenya","volume":"46","author":"Onkanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-125","article-title":"Schistosoma Haematobium Hotspots in South Nyanza, Western Kenya: Prevalence, Distribution and Co-Endemicity With Schistosoma Mansoni and Soil-Transmitted Helminths","volume":"7","author":"Sang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-278","article-title":"High Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Mbita and its Adjacent Islands of Lake Victoria, Western Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Odiere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2016.174","article-title":"Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 as a Novel Marker for Abdominal Sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Inf"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5727312","article-title":"Urinary Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Can Distinguish Necrotizing Enterocolitis From Sepsis in Early Stage of the Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Coufal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346545","article-title":"Soluble CD23 Levels are Inversely Associated With Atopy and Parasite Specific IgE Levels But Not With Polyclonal IgE Levels in People Exposed to Helminth Infection","volume":"161","author":"Rujeni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0397","article-title":"Human Schistosomiasis is Associated With Endotoxemia and Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4-Bearing B Cells","volume":"84","author":"Onguru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.08.004","article-title":"Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1: Diagnosis or Prognosis","volume":"36","author":"Lemari\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Clinics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06109-z","article-title":"Nangibotide in Patients With Septic Shock: a Phase 2a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"46","author":"Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35074114","article-title":"TREM-1 Amplifies Inflammation and is a Crucial Mediator of Septic Shock","volume":"410","author":"Bouchon","year":"2001","journal-title":"nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374754","article-title":"TREM-1 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells): a New Player in Acute Inflammatory Responses","volume":"187","author":"Colonna","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARCPED.2021.06.001","article-title":"Role of Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed in Myeloid Cells-1 in Distinguishing SIRS, Sepsis, and Septic Shock in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit","volume":"28","author":"Duramaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IMLET.2007.11.021","article-title":"The TREM-1\/DAP12 Pathway","volume":"116","author":"Tessarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-3024.2011.01284.X","article-title":"Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM)-1 Participates in Schistosoma Mansoni Inflammatory Responses","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2017.02265\/BIBTEX","article-title":"Leishmania Infantum Induces the Release of sTREM-1 in Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Bomfim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12095","article-title":"Serum CCL 11 (Eotaxin-1-1) and CCL 17 (TARC) are Serological Indicators of Multiple Helminth Infections and are Driven by Schistosoma Mansoni Infection in Humans","volume":"18","author":"Geiger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1500-y","article-title":"Protection Against Schistosoma Mansoni Infection Using a Fasciola Hepatica-Derived Fatty Acid Binding Protein From Different Delivery Systems","volume":"9","author":"Vicente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/JIMMUNOL.1102689","article-title":"Soluble CD23 Controls IgE Synthesis and Homeostasis in Human B Cells","volume":"188","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.2","article-title":"Elevated Serum Scd23 and Scd30 Up to Two Decades Prior to Diagnosis Associated With Increased Risk of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"29","author":"Purdue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ALL.14724","article-title":"The Role of CD23 in the Regulation of Allergic Responses","volume":"76","author":"Engeroff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595792","article-title":"Circulating CD23+ B Cell Subset Correlates With the Development of Resistance to Schistosoma Mansoni Reinfection in Occupationally Exposed Adults Who Have Undergone Multiple Treatments","volume":"199","author":"Mwinzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0875","article-title":"Plasma Endotoxin Levels Are Not Increased in Schistosoma Mansoni\u2013Infected Women Without Signs or Symptoms of Hepatosplenic Disease","volume":"102","author":"Klemperer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02635","article-title":"Refining Diagnosis of Schistosoma Haematobium Infections: Antigen and Antibody Detection in Urine","volume":"9","author":"Dood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000213","article-title":"Comparing Parasitological vs Serological Determination of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Prevalence in Preschool and Primary School-Aged Children: Implications for Control Programmes","volume":"141","author":"Wami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"397","article-title":"A Simple Device for Quantitative Stool Thick Smear Technique in Schistosomiasis Mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/TROPICALMED5010020","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Due to Schistosoma Mansoni Related Periportal Fibrosis: Could Early Diagnosis of Varices Improve the Outcome Following Available Treatment Modalities in Sub Saharan Africa? A Scoping Review","volume":"5","author":"Gunda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis 2020"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00137-14","article-title":"Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"Weerakoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02975","article-title":"Systemic Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Individuals With Schistosoma Mansoni Infection and Low Parasite Burden","author":"Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"In Front Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/IJNP\/PYAA055","article-title":"Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Interleukin in Vitro: Relevance for Major Depression and Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Borsini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154465","article-title":"Identification of Candidate Serum Biomarkers for Schistosoma Mansoni Infected Mice Using Multiple Proteomic Platforms","volume":"11","author":"Kardoush","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JACI.2009.11.017","article-title":"IgE, Mast Cells, Basophils, and Eosinophils","volume":"125","author":"Stone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Expression of CD23 by Schistosoma Mansoni Antigen-Activated B Cells of Highly Exposed Adult Males on the Shores of Lake Victoria, Western Kenya. Maseno University","author":"Onguru","year":"2016"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.4991","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Inflammatory Responses Can Be Triggered by TREM-1, a Novel Receptor Expressed on Neutrophils and Monocytes","author":"Bouchon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00733-5","article-title":"sTREM-1 is a Specific Biomarker of TREM-1 Pathway Activation","volume":"18","author":"Jolly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2012.50.1.37","article-title":"Fasciola Gigantica Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP) as a Prophylactic Agent Against Schistosoma Mansoni Infection in CD1 Mice","volume":"50","author":"Aly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitology"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-1839-14-6","article-title":"Inverse Correlation Between Serum Interleukin-6 and Iron Levels Among Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Hematol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887213\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T13:15:06Z","timestamp":1651842906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887213\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"article-number":"887213"}}