{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:57:16Z","timestamp":1753891036414,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Treating patients with cancer complicated by severe opportunistic infections is particularly challenging since classical cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, often induce profound immune suppression and, as a result, may favor infection progression. Little is known about the potential place of immune checkpoint inhibitors in these complex situations. Here, we report a 66-year-old man who was concomitantly diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient was treated with anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab, which allowed effective control of both lung cancer and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, as demonstrated by the patient\u2019s remarkable neurologic clinical improvement, JC viral load reduction in his cerebrospinal fluid, regression of the brain lesions visualized through MRI, and the strict radiological stability of his cancer. In parallel, treatment with atezolizumab was associated with biological evidence of T-cell reinvigoration. Hence, our data suggest that immune checkpoint inhibitors may constitute a treatment option for patients with cancer complicated by severe opportunistic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T06:07:13Z","timestamp":1651558033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Killing Two Birds With One Stone: Effective Control of Both Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy With Atezolizumab, A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majdouline","family":"El Moussaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ritacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Mo\u00efse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Delvenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Sadzot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Maquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815039","article-title":"Pembrolizumab Treatment for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"380","author":"Cortese","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2801.204809","article-title":"Atezolizumab Treatment for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Lambert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and the Spectrum of JC Virus-Related Disease","volume":"17","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL0b013e31828c2fa1","article-title":"PML Diagnostic Criteria: Consensus Statement From the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section","volume":"80","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2020.02.005","article-title":"Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of JC Virus-Related Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","volume":"40","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3862","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Insights Into T Cell Exhaustion","volume":"15","author":"Wherry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000627","article-title":"Ineffective Treatment of PML With Pembrolizumab: Exhausted Memory T-Cell Subsets as a Clue","volume":"6","author":"Pawlitzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15021","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Identifying Relevant Outcome Factors","volume":"28","author":"Lambert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30541-2","article-title":"Nivolumab Plus Interferon-\u03b3 in the Treatment of Intractable Mucormycosis","volume":"17","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000530","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis Coinfection","volume":"5","author":"Banck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.799453","article-title":"Complete Response to Nivolumab in Recurrent\/Metastatic HPV-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patient After Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Case Report","volume":"11","author":"Locati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889148\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T06:07:15Z","timestamp":1651558035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889148\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-3224"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"article-number":"889148"}}