{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:36:04Z","timestamp":1789673764129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Joining a function-enhanced Fc-portion of human IgG to the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 produces an antiviral decoy with strain transcending virus neutralizing activity. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and Fc-effector functions of ACE2-Fc decoy proteins, formatted with or without the ACE2 collectrin domain, were optimized by Fc-modification. The different Fc-modifications resulted in distinct effects on neutralization and effector functions. H429Y, a point mutation outside the binding sites for Fc\u03b3Rs or complement caused non-covalent oligomerization of the ACE2-Fc decoy proteins, abrogated Fc\u03b3R interaction and enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Another Fc mutation, H429F did not improve virus neutralization but resulted in increased C5b-C9 fixation and transformed ACE2-Fc to a potent mediator of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) expressing cells. Furthermore, modification of the Fc-glycan enhanced cell activation <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> Fc\u03b3RIIIa. These different immune profiles demonstrate the capacity of Fc-based agents to be engineered to optimize different mechanisms of protection for SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other viral pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T14:24:53Z","timestamp":1659018293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fc engineered ACE2-Fc is a potent multifunctional agent targeting SARS-CoV2"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bruce D.","family":"Wines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liriye","family":"Kurtovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halina M.","family":"Trist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Esparon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klasina","family":"Chappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Jin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca L.","family":"Mordant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Shi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Gherardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma E.","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Pymm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Cooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Beeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale I.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Burrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menno C.","family":"van Zelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam K.","family":"Wheatley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy W.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai-Hong","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Mark","family":"Hogarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14630-2","article-title":"Guan: Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in guangdong, people\u2019s republic of China, in February, 2003","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21240-1","article-title":"Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in southeast Asia","volume":"12","author":"Wacharapluesadee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0012-7","article-title":"Serological evidence of bat SARS-related coronavirus infection in humans, China","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00369-6","article-title":"Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action","volume":"6","author":"Heinz","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.005","article-title":"Tackling COVID-19 with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","volume":"184","author":"Corti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-021-00267-w","article-title":"Modeling SARS-CoV-2 spike\/ACE2 protein-protein interactions for predicting the binding affinity of new spike variants for ACE2, and novel ACE2 structurally related human protein targets, for COVID-19 handling in the 3PM context","volume":"13","author":"Tragni","year":"2022","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03402-9","article-title":"Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in south Africa","volume":"592","author":"Tegally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00573-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape","volume":"19","author":"Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh1139","article-title":"Structural and functional ramifications of antigenic drift in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"373","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03412-7","article-title":"Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies","volume":"593","author":"Collier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03398-2","article-title":"Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7","volume":"593","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03720-y","article-title":"In vivo monoclonal antibody efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variant strains","volume":"596","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2021.1919285","article-title":"501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3 variants of SARS-CoV-2 lose binding to bamlanivimab in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03471-w","article-title":"Escape of SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 from neutralization by convalescent plasma","volume":"593","author":"Cele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01285-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by south African COVID-19 donor plasma","volume":"27","author":"Wibmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03324-6","article-title":"mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants","volume":"592","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01413-7","article-title":"Evidence for increased breakthrough rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in BNT162b2-mRNA-vaccinated individuals","volume":"27","author":"Kustin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00183-5","article-title":"Resurgence of COVID-19 in manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence","volume":"397","author":"Sabino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn4947","article-title":"Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa","volume":"76","author":"Pulliam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"584","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi9215","article-title":"A human antibody reveals a conserved site on beta-coronavirus spike proteins and confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"14","author":"Zhou P Fau - Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.01.003","article-title":"A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak","volume":"2","author":"Daszak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosaf Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006273","article-title":"A derivative of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha binds to the trimer of human cytomegalovirus and inhibits entry into fibroblasts and endothelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Stegmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00302-0","article-title":"Potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of recombinant human ACE2-Fc against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discovery"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.28.486075","article-title":"An engineered ACE2 decoy receptor can be administered by inhalation and potently targets the BA.1 and BA.2 omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24013-y","article-title":"Engineered ACE2 receptor therapy overcomes mutational escape of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Higuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009544","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009544","article-title":"Intranasal gene therapy to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"17","author":"Sims","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.22.473804","article-title":"Engineered ACE2 counteracts vaccine-evading SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant","volume":"2021","author":"Ikemura","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91809-9","article-title":"An ACE2 triple decoy that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 shows enhanced affinity for virus variants","volume":"11","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.032","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"183","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001062","article-title":"Coronavirus receptors as immune modulators","volume":"206","author":"Devarakonda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi20-0019","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infections and ACE2: Clinical outcomes linked with increased morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes","volume":"69","author":"Obukhov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5471","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"251","author":"Bourgonje","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.029","article-title":"Novel ACE2-Fc chimeric fusion provides long-lasting hypertension control and organ protection in mouse models of systemic renin angiotensin system activation","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30418-5","article-title":"Human recombinant soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Zoufaly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.004","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2","volume":"181","author":"Monteil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-00549-3","article-title":"A trimeric human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01283-20","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and three related coronaviruses utilize multiple ACE2 orthologs and are potently blocked by an improved ACE2-ig","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc0870","article-title":"Engineering human ACE2 to optimize binding to the spike protein of SARS coronavirus 2","volume":"369","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016093117","article-title":"Engineered ACE2 receptor traps potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2","volume":"117","author":"Glasgow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.12.247940","article-title":"Coronacept \u2013 a potent immunoadhesin against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"2020","author":"Cohen-Dvashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16048-4","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-ig","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.120","article-title":"Designed variants of ACE2-Fc that decouple anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities from unwanted cardiovascular effects","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00374-6","article-title":"Human recombinant soluble ACE2 (hrsACE2) shows promise for treating severe COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Abd El-Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-021-00965-6","article-title":"Engineered ACE2 decoy mitigates lung injury and death induced by SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103670","article-title":"ACE2-IgG1 fusions with improved in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"25","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108528","article-title":"An ACE2 microbody containing a single immunoglobulin Fc domain is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"33","author":"Tada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012828","article-title":"Humanized COVID-19 decoy antibody effectively blocks viral entry and prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105197","article-title":"Picomolar inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by an engineered ACE2-IgG4-Fc fusion protein","volume":"196","author":"Svilenov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.01.014","article-title":"Identification of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations that attenuate monoclonal and serum antibody neutralization","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.26140","article-title":"ACE2-based decoy receptors for SARS coronavirus 2","volume":"89","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12331","article-title":"The multiple facets of FcRn in immunity","volume":"268","author":"Stapleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201993","article-title":"Antibody potency, effector function, and combinations in protection and therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo","volume":"218","author":"Schafer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.015","article-title":"Live imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice reveals that neutralizing antibodies require Fc function for optimal efficacy","volume":"54","author":"Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.029","article-title":"Neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the n-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"184","author":"Suryadevara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04017-w","article-title":"Fc-engineered antibody therapeutics with improved anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy","volume":"599","author":"Yamin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.021","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo functions of SARS-CoV-2 infection-enhancing and neutralizing antibodies","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.24.469776","article-title":"Engineered ACE2-Fc counters murine lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection through direct neutralization and Fc-effector activities","volume":"2021","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444906029799","article-title":"A time- and cost-efficient system for high-level protein production in mammalian cells","volume":"62","author":"Aricescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0995-0","article-title":"Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Juno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.4.2146","article-title":"Identification of residues in the first domain of human Fc alpha receptor essential for interaction with IgA","volume":"162","author":"Wines","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00471-1","article-title":"Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models","volume":"20","author":"Khoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100296","article-title":"Decay of Fc-dependent antibody functions after mild to moderate COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502551","article-title":"Dimeric FcgammaR ectodomains as probes of the Fc receptor function of anti-influenza virus IgG","volume":"197","author":"Wines","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf8891","article-title":"Rapid generation of durable b cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in COVID-19 and convalescence","volume":"5","author":"Hartley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1277-x","article-title":"Induction and decay of functional complement-fixing antibodies by the RTS,S malaria vaccine in children, and a negative impact of malaria exposure","volume":"17","author":"Kurtovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150012","article-title":"Simultaneous evaluation of antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 variants via multiplex assay","volume":"6","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5","article-title":"A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans","volume":"26","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1061","article-title":"AlphaFold protein structure database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models","volume":"50","author":"Varadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.729513","article-title":"Structural biology in the clouds: The WeNMR-EOSC ecosystem","volume":"8","author":"Honorato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.09.014","article-title":"The HADDOCK2.2 web server: User-friendly integrative modeling of biomolecular complexes","volume":"428","author":"van Zundert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.010","article-title":"The great escape? SARS-CoV-2 variants evading neutralizing responses","volume":"29","author":"Prevost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248943","article-title":"Complement is activated by IgG hexamers assembled at the cell surface","volume":"343","author":"Diebolder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b02220","article-title":"Unraveling the macromolecular pathways of IgG oligomerization and complement activation on antigenic surfaces","volume":"19","author":"Strasser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110368","article-title":"A Fc-enhanced NTD-binding non-neutralizing antibody delays virus spread and synergizes with a nAb to protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"38","author":"Beaudoin-Bussi\u00e8res","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.052","article-title":"Compromised humoral functional evolution tracks with SARS-CoV-2 mortality","volume":"183","author":"Zohar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22535","article-title":"Rapid production of recombinant human IgG with improved ADCC effector function in a transient expression system","volume":"105","author":"van Berkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.026","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions for optimal therapeutic protection","volume":"184","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00665-1","article-title":"The state of complement in COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Afzali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6284","article-title":"DNA Vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"369","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf1555","article-title":"Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by dimeric IgA","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108790","article-title":"Major role of IgM in the neutralizing activity of convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"34","author":"Gasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B88","article-title":"Fc-mediated immune precipitation. i. a new role of the Fc-portion of IgG","volume":"38","author":"Moller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002344","article-title":"A novel platform for the potentiation of therapeutic antibodies based on antigen-dependent formation of IgG hexamers at the cell surface","volume":"14","author":"de Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009483200","article-title":"High resolution mapping of the binding site on human IgG1 for Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, Fc gamma RIII, and FcRn and design of IgG1 variants with improved binding to the Fc gamma R","volume":"276","author":"Shields","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2020.03.001","article-title":"Antigen-induced allosteric changes in a human IgG1 Fc increase low-affinity Fcgamma receptor binding","volume":"28","author":"Orlandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210665200","article-title":"The absence of fucose but not the presence of galactose or bisecting n-acetylglucosamine of human IgG1 complex-type oligosaccharides shows the critical role of enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity","volume":"278","author":"Shinkawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0473-8","article-title":"IgG Fc engineering to modulate antibody effector functions","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1122516","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889372\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T22:25:20Z","timestamp":1673389520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889372\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889372","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1122516","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"article-number":"889372"}}