{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T05:16:05Z","timestamp":1793682965937,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42006100, 41976081, 41876162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42006100, 41976081, 41876162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A1515110424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515110424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M662938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M662938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination is an effective method to prevent <jats:italic>Cryptocaryon irritans<\/jats:italic> infection. Although some vaccines have been developed, large-scale production of these vaccines is costly. Development of a heterogenous vaccine generated by low-cost antigens is an alternative method. In the present study, grouper immunized with <jats:italic>Tetrahymena thermophila<\/jats:italic>, a free-living ciliate that easily grows in inexpensive culture media at high density, showed protective immunity against <jats:italic>C. irritans<\/jats:italic> infection. Higher immobilization against <jats:italic>C. irritans<\/jats:italic> theronts was detected in <jats:italic>T. thermophila<\/jats:italic>\u2013immunized grouper serum, which suggested the existence of a cross-reactive antibody in the serum. By immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses, tubulin was identified as a potential cross-reactive antigen between <jats:italic>C. irritans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. thermophila<\/jats:italic>. Recombinant <jats:italic>T. thermophila<\/jats:italic> tubulin protein (rTt-tubulin) and its antibody were prepared, and immunofluorescence showed that both <jats:italic>C. irritans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. thermophila<\/jats:italic> cilia were stained by the anti\u2013rTt-tubulin antibody. Grouper immunized with rTt-tubulin showed a reduced infective rate after the <jats:italic>C. irritans<\/jats:italic> challenge. An enhanced level of <jats:italic>C. irritans<\/jats:italic>\u2013binding immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody was detected in serum from rTt-tubulin\u2013immunized grouper. Moreover, specific antibodies were also found in the mucus and tissue culture medium from rTt-tubulin\u2013immunized grouper. Overall, these findings suggested that vaccination with <jats:italic>T. thermophila<\/jats:italic> elicits cross-reactive protective immunity in grouper against <jats:italic>C. irritans<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>T. thermophila<\/jats:italic> may be a potential heterologous antigen for vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.891643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T05:33:26Z","timestamp":1657172006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Protection of Grouper Against Cryptocaryon irritans by Immunization With Tetrahymena thermophila and Protective Cross-Reactive Antigen 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