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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interfaces between the nervous and immune systems have been shown essential for the coordination and regulation of immune responses. Non-invasive ultrasound stimulation targeted to the spleen has recently been shown capable of activating one such interface, the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Over the past decade, CAP and other neuroimmune pathways have been activated using implanted nerve stimulators and tested to prevent cytokine release and inflammation. However, CAP studies have typically been performed in models of severe, systemic (e.g., endotoxemia) or chronic inflammation (e.g., collagen-induced arthritis or DSS-induced colitis). Herein, we examined the effects of activation of the splenic CAP with ultrasound in a model of local bacterial infection by lung instillation of 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> CFU of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We demonstrate a time-dependent effect of CAP activation on the cytokine response assay during infection progression. CAP activation-induced cytokine suppression is absent at intermediate times post-infection (16 hours following inoculation), but present during the early (4 hours) and later phases (48 hours). These results indicate that cytokine inhibition associated with splenic CAP activation is not observed at all timepoints following bacterial infection and highlights the importance of further studying neuroimmune interfaces within the context of different immune system and inflammatory states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.892086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T10:36:17Z","timestamp":1655375777000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Ultrasound Neuromodulation of the Spleen Has Time-Dependent Anti-Inflammatory Effect in a Pneumonia Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Umair","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John 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