{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:59:04Z","timestamp":1753891144290,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>), one of the most important Apicomplexan protozoa, causes toxoplasmosis in human throughout the world. Galectin (Gal)-9 triggers a series of immune events<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>binding to its receptors, including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3, CD137, CD44, and protein disulfide isomerase. To examine the regulatory role of galectin-receptor interactions in anti-toxoplasmic activities, C57BL\/6 mice were infected with<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>RH strain and intraperitoneally injected with alpha (\u03b1)-lactose to block the interactions of galectins and their receptors. Heatmaps showed upregulated values for Gal-9 and CD137 in the livers of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice and<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice treated with \u03b1-lactose. Compared with<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice,<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice treated with \u03b1-lactose showed significantly increased survival rate, decreased tissue parasite burden, attenuated liver histopathology, increased mRNA expression levels of CD137, IFN\u03b3, IL-4, and IL-10 in the liver, and increased Gal-9 mRNA expression level in the spleen. Correlation analysis showed that significant positive correlations existed between the mRNA expression levels of Gal-9 and CD137, Gal-9 and IFN\u03b3, as well as between CD137 and IFN\u03b3 in the liver and spleen of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice; between CD137 and IFN\u03b3 in the liver of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice treated with \u03b1-lactose. In addition, blockage of galectin-receptor interactions showed enhanced M2 macrophage polarization in the liver of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected mice. Our data indicate that Gal-9-CD137 interaction may play an important role in<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>proliferation and liver inflammation in mice during acute<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>infection, through regulating T cell and macrophage immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.896744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T07:11:48Z","timestamp":1656659508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blockage of Galectin-Receptor Interactions Attenuates Mouse Hepatic Pathology Induced by Toxoplasma gondii Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongheng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangli","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002567","article-title":"Comparative Genomics of the Apicomplexan Parasites Toxoplasma Gondii and Neospora Caninum: Coccidia Differing in Host Range and Transmission Strategy","volume":"8","author":"Reid","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.08.005","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii: An Underestimated Threat","volume":"36","author":"Milne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.013","article-title":"Identification of a Master Regulator of Differentiation in Toxoplasma","volume":"180","author":"Waldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63849-6.00009-8","article-title":"Central Nervous System Infection With Toxoplasma Gondii","volume":"152","author":"Marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Toxoplasmic Hepatitis in an Immunocompetent Patient","volume":"31","author":"Do\u011fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104578","article-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii Infection as a Potential Risk for Chronic Liver Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Pazoki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0339-3","article-title":"Immune Response and Immunopathology During Toxoplasmosis","volume":"34","author":"Dupont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077327","article-title":"Mast Cells Modulate Acute Toxoplasmosis in Murine Models","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(17)31891-4","article-title":"Galectins. 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