{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:03:24Z","timestamp":1790892204627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal intracellular glucose\/fatty acid metabolism of T cells has tremendous effects on their immuno-modulatory function, which is related to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the association between the status of intracellular metabolism of T cells and type 1 diabetes is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the uptake of glucose and fatty acids in T cells and its relationship with disease progression in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 86 individuals with type 1 diabetes were recruited to detect the uptake of glucose and fatty acids in T cells. 2-NBDG uptake and expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1); or BODIPY uptake and expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A(CPT1A) were used to assess the status of glucose or fatty acid uptake in T cells. Patients with type 1 diabetes were followed up every 3-6 months for 36 months, the progression of beta-cell function was assessed using generalized estimating equations, and survival analysis was performed to determine the status of beta-cell function preservation (defined as 2-hour postprandial C-peptide &amp;gt;200 pmol\/L).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with type 1 diabetes demonstrated enhanced intracellular glucose uptake of T cells as indicated by higher 2NBDG uptake and GLUT1 expression, while no significant differences in fatty acid uptake were observed. The increased T cells glucose uptake is associated with lower C-peptide and higher hemoglobin A1c levels. Notably, patients with low T cell glucose uptake at onset maintained high levels of C-peptide within 36 months of the disease course [fasting C-petite and 2-hour postprandial C-peptide are 60.6 (95%CI: 21.1-99.8) pmol\/L and 146.3 (95%CI: 14.1-278.5) pmol\/L higher respectively], And they also have a higher proportion of beta-cell function preservation during this follow-up period (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intracellular glucose uptake of T cells is abnormally enhanced in type 1 diabetes and is associated with beta-cell function and its progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.897047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T07:57:34Z","timestamp":1653292654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Enhanced T Cell Glucose Uptake Is Associated With Progression of Beta-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rong","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.16","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Katsarou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0119","article-title":"Standardizing T-Cell Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes: Challenges and Recent Advances","volume":"68","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30112-8","article-title":"The Challenge of Modulating \u03b2-Cell Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Atkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.777788","article-title":"Using the T Cell Receptor as a Biomarker in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Nakayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0058","article-title":"Function, Failure, and the Future Potential of Tregs in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Bettini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0848-5","article-title":"T-Cell Metabolism as a Target to Control Autoreactive T Cells in \u03b2-Cell Autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Bordignon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12655","article-title":"T-Cell Metabolism Governing Activation, Proliferation and Differentiation; 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