{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:24:43Z","timestamp":1790303083510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    is one of the world\u2019s most dangerous mosquitoes, and a vector of diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya virus, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease. Currently, a major global challenge is the scarcity of antiviral medicine and vaccine\u00a0for arboviruses.\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    var israelensis (\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) toxins are used as biological mosquito control agents. Endotoxins, including Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, Cry10Aa, Cry11Aa, and Cyt1Aa, are toxic to mosquitoes. Insect eradication by Cry toxin relies primarily on the interaction of cry toxins with key toxin receptors, such as aminopeptidase (APN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cadherin (CAD), and ATP-binding cassette transporters. The carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) of lectins and domains II and III of Cry toxins share similar structural folds, suggesting that midgut proteins, such as C-type lectins (CTLs), may interfere with interactions among Cry toxins and receptors by binding to both and alter Cry toxicity. In the present review, we summarize the functional role of C-type lectins in\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes and the mechanism underlying the alteration of Cry toxin activity by CTLs. Furthermore, we outline future research directions on elucidating the\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance mechanism. This study provides a basis for understanding\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    resistance, which can be used to develop novel insecticides.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.898198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T01:49:09Z","timestamp":1652406549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Role of Lectin in the Response of Aedes aegypti Against Bt Toxin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Intikhab","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha Lawan","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weilong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.002","article-title":"The Virome of Vector Mosquitoes","volume":"9","author":"De Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.05.023","article-title":"Dengue and Human Health: A Global Scenario of Its Occurrence, Diagnosis and Therapeutics","volume":"28","author":"Sabir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004543","article-title":"Differential Susceptibilities of Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus From the Americas to Zika Virus","volume":"10","author":"Chouin-Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.014","article-title":"Zika Virus, Vectors, Reservoirs, Amplifying Hosts, and Their Potential to Spread Worldwide: What We Know and What We Should Investigate Urgently","volume":"48","author":"Vorou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0874","article-title":"Vector Competence of Aedes Albopictus Populations From the Northeastern United States for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses","volume":"104","author":"Gloria-Soria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v34i3.2146","article-title":"Evaluation of Lethal Ovitraps as a Strategy for Aedes Aegypti Control","volume":"34","author":"Quimbayo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"59","article-title":"Insecticide-Based Approaches for Dengue Vector Control","volume-title":"Ecology and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases","author":"Ritchie","year":"2021"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-08205-w","article-title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of Resistance and Short-Term Induction Response to Pyrethroids, in Anopheles Coluzzii Legs","volume":"22","author":"Kefi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0341-3","article-title":"An Update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on Systemic Insecticides. 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