{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:15:07Z","timestamp":1787026507102,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the endemic variants of pemphigus foliaceus (PF), in Brazil and Tunisia, patients generate pathogenic IgG4 anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibodies. Additionally, these patients possess antibodies against salivary proteins from sand flies that react with Dsg1, which may lead to skin disease in susceptible individuals living in endemic areas. This minireview focuses on recent studies highlighting the possible role of salivary proteins from\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>L. longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in EPF from Brazil and\n                    <jats:italic>Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in EPF from Tunisia. We will briefly discuss the potential mechanisms of molecular mimicry and epitope spreading in the initiation and development of endemic PF (EPF) in Brazil and Tunisia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.907424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T09:45:08Z","timestamp":1653644708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["From Insect Bites to a Skin Autoimmune Disease: A Conceivable Pathway to Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Prisayanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus G.","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603","article-title":"Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology","volume":"8","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8294-7","article-title":"Molecular Mimicry as a Mechanism of Autoimmune Disease","volume":"42","author":"Cusick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2014_413","article-title":"Structural Characterization of Viral Epitopes Recognized by Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies","volume":"386","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.917411","article-title":"Rheumatic Fever, Autoimmunity, and Molecular Mimicry: The Streptococcal Connection","volume":"33","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI93450","article-title":"Two Rheumatoid Arthritis-Specific Autoantigens Correlate Microbial Immunity With Autoimmune Responses in Joints","volume":"127","author":"Pianta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2014_413","article-title":"The Link Between Proteus Mirabilis, Environmental Factors and Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Rashid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01223.x","article-title":"Epitope Spreading: The Role of Self Peptides and Autoantigen Processing by B Lymphocytes","volume":"164","author":"Mamula","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri724","article-title":"Epitope Spreading in Immune-Mediated Diseases: Implications for Immunotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Vanderlugt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.06.012","article-title":"Bystander Activation and Autoimmunity","volume":"103","author":"Pacheco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0305","article-title":"The Role of Antigen Spreading in the Efficacy of Immunotherapies","volume":"26","author":"Brossart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00107.x","article-title":"Epitope Spreading: Lessons From Autoimmune Skin Diseases","volume":"110","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00779","article-title":"Humoral Epitope Spreading in Autoimmune Bullous Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Didona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8493-8","article-title":"Environmental Basis of Autoimmunity","volume":"50","author":"Floreani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allerg Immu"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep13070394","article-title":"Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem): II. 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