{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T22:37:14Z","timestamp":1781217434733,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies using advanced techniques such as single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), high parameter flow cytometry, and proteomics reveal that neutrophils are more heterogeneous than previously appreciated. Unique subsets have been identified in the context of bacterial and parasitic infections, cancer, and tissue injury and repair. The characteristics of infiltrating neutrophils differ depending on the nature of the inflammation-inciting stimulus, the stage of the inflammatory response, as well as the tissue microenvironment in which they accumulate. We previously described a new subpopulation of immature Ly6G<jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup> neutrophils that accumulate in the peritoneal cavity 3 days following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the fungal cell wall extract, zymosan. These neutrophils express markers of alternative activation and possess neuroprotective\/regenerative properties. In addition to inducing neurite outgrowth of explanted neurons, they enhance neuronal survival and axon regeneration <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> following traumatic injury to the optic nerve or spinal cord. In contrast, the majority of neutrophils that accumulate in the peritoneal fluid 4 hours following i.p. zymosan injection (4h N\u03a6) have features of conventional, mature Ly6G<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> neutrophils and lack neuroprotective or neuroregenerative properties. In the current study, we expand upon on our previously published observations by performing a granular, in-depth analysis of these i.p. zymosan-modulated neutrophil populations using scRNAseq and high parameter flow cytometry. We also analyze cell lysates of each neutrophil population by liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry. Circulating blood neutrophils, harvested from naive mice, are analyzed in parallel as a control. When samples were pooled from all three groups, scRNAseq revealed 11 distinct neutrophil clusters. Pathway analyses demonstrated that 3d N\u03a6 upregulate genes involved in tissue development and wound healing, while 4h N\u03a6 upregulate genes involved in cytokine production and perpetuation of the immune response. Proteomics analysis revealed that 3d N\u03a6 and 4h N\u03a6 also express distinct protein signatures. Adding to our earlier findings, 3d N\u03a6 expressed a number of neuroprotective\/neuroregenerative candidate proteins that may contribute to their biological functions. Collectively, the data generated by the current study add to the growing literature on neutrophil heterogeneity and functional sub-specialization and might provide new insights in elucidating the mechanisms of action of pro-regenerative, neuroprotective neutrophil subsets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.912193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T05:40:29Z","timestamp":1654062029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Characterization of Zymosan-Modulated Neutrophils With Neuroregenerative Properties"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Jerome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnetta L.","family":"McVey 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