{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:33:43Z","timestamp":1789724023435,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>MALT1 regulates immunity and inflammation in multiple ways, while its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is obscure. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of MALT1 with disease features, treatment outcome, as well as its effect on Th1\/2\/17 cell differentiation and underlying molecule mechanism in RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Totally 147 RA patients were enrolled. Then their blood Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Besides, PBMC MALT1 expression was detected before treatment (baseline), at week (W) 6, W12, and W24. PBMC MALT1 in 30 osteoarthritis patients and 30 health controls were also detected. Then, blood CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were isolated from RA patients, followed by MALT1 overexpression or knockdown lentivirus transfection and Th1\/2\/17 polarization assay. In addition, IMD 0354 (NF-\u03baB antagonist) and SP600125 (JNK antagonist) were also added to treat CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MALT1 was increased in RA patients compared to osteoarthritis patients and healthy controls. Meanwhile, MALT1 positively related to CRP, ESR, DAS28 score, Th17 cells, negatively linked with Th2 cells, but did not link with other features or Th1 cells in RA patients. Notably, MALT1 decreased longitudinally during treatment, whose decrement correlated with RA treatment outcome (treatment response, low disease activity, or disease remission). In addition, MALT1 overexpression promoted Th17 differentiation, inhibited Th2 differentiation, less affected Th1 differentiation, activated NF-\u03baB and JNK pathways in RA CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells; while MALT1 knockdown exhibited the opposite effect. Besides, IMD 0354 and SP600125 addition attenuated MALT1\u2019s effect on Th2 and Th17 differentiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MALT1 regulates Th2 and Th17 differentiation <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> NF-\u03baB and JNK pathways, as well as correlates with disease activity and treatment outcome in RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.913830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T11:13:08Z","timestamp":1659006788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["MALT1 regulates Th2 and Th17 differentiation via NF-\u03baB and JNK pathways, as well as correlates with disease activity and treatment outcome in rheumatoid 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