{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:31:25Z","timestamp":1790818285630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have demonstrated the development of pulmonary impairment in individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Complications, such as alveolitis and bronchiectasis, were found in individuals who developed tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP-HAM) due to chronic inflammation. These patients exhibited increased levels of lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD25+), cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-\u03b3), inflammatory chemokines (MIP-1\u03b1 and IP-10), and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with the result of chronic inflammation and lung injury. The main lesions observed at Chest high-resolution computed tomography were centrilobular nodules, parenchymal bands, lung cysts, bronchiectasis, ground-glass opacity, mosaic attenuation, and pleural thickening. It can lead to progressive changes in pulmonary function with the development of restrictive and obstructive diseases. Recent studies suggest a causal relationship between HTLV-1 and pulmonary diseases, with intensification of lesions and progressive decrease in pulmonary function. This summary updates a previous publication and addresses the general lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between TSP-HAM and pulmonary disease, providing direction for future work and the management of these individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.914498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T13:59:29Z","timestamp":1656683969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An Overview of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"\u00c1pio Ricardo Nazareth","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz F\u00e1bio Magno","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juarez Ant\u00f4nio 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