{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:27:14Z","timestamp":1785374834123,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>, the etiologic agent of leprosy, is an acid-fast-staining and slow-growing bacilli that infect macrophages and Schwann cells individually or through forming globi. The clinical presentation of leprosy is broad and depends on the host immune response. We report a case of a 42-year-old Brazilian man presenting with fever of unknown origin (FUO), anemia, wasting syndrome, and neuropathy. The diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy was made after an extensive investigation revealed the presence of <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic> in the bone marrow. Bone marrow involvement in leprosy is rare and some authors believe the presence of <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic> in the bone marrow can act as a reservoir of the disease facilitating future relapses. It is important to investigate bone marrow involvement in leprosy, especially when the patient presents with cytopenias and positive epidemiologic history.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.916319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T04:33:27Z","timestamp":1657168407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fever of Unknown Origin, Wasting Syndrome and Bone Marrow Involvement: A Leprosy Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marcela Araujo de Oliveira","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willian Vargas Ten\u00f3rio","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isadora Costa","family":"Celestino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo Fernandes","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno de Carvalho","family":"Dornelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew Martin","family":"Pavelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea De Martino","family":"Luppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela Maria Bernardes","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105041","article-title":"Mycobacterium Leprae\u2019s Evolution and Environmental Adaptation","volume":"197","author":"Chavarro-Portillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006","article-title":"The Continuing Challenges of Leprosy","volume":"19","author":"Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.01.002","article-title":"Leprosy: A Great Imitator","volume":"37","author":"Kundakci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3018-6","article-title":"Xanthomatous Macrophages in Bone Marrow Biopsies: Systemic Manifestation of Mycobacterioses","volume":"96","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12101","article-title":"Leprosy Diagnosed by Bone Marrow Aspiration","volume":"160","author":"Velasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjhh.2014.05.010","article-title":"Mycobacterium Leprae in Bone Marrow","volume":"36","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol E Hemoter"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.82.4.389","article-title":"Comparison of Three Immunological Tests for Leprosy Diagnosis and Detection of Subclinical Infection","volume":"82","author":"Lobato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.87.1.122","article-title":"Bone Marrow Evaluation in Leprosy: Clinical Implications","volume":"87","author":"Somanath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcw204","article-title":"Leprosy and Bone Marrow Involvement","volume":"110","author":"Rastogi","year":"2016","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0305-7518.19720003","article-title":"Infectivity of Leprosy Bacilli From Bone Marrow and Liver of Patients With Lepromatous Leprosy","volume":"43","author":"Shepard","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5935\/0305-7518.19750042","article-title":"Viability of Myco. 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