{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:07:10Z","timestamp":1780693630399,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of serious malignant and inflammatory diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis. The potential protective role of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in HTLV-1 infection remains unclear. Here, demonstrate that there is a decrease in the amount of V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells in patients with HTLV-1, especially in those with HTLV-1 associated pathologies. This suggests that \u03b3\u03b4 T cells could be involved in controlling the virus. Indeed, we found that V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells, expanded from non-infected individuals, can kill cells expressing the viral proteins HBZ and Tax and this phenotype is reversed in the presence of mevastatin. Cytotoxicity by V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells was not associated with an increase of INF-\u03b3 production. In sharp contrast, killing by NK cells was reduced by Tax expression. Thus, our study provides initial evidence for a potential protective role of V\u03b39V\u03b42 T cells against HTLV-1 infection. Therapeutic exploitation of these insights is feasible with current technologies of T-cell therapies and could provide novel tools to prevent and treat HTLV-1-associated malignancies and neurologic complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.920888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T10:11:42Z","timestamp":1660212702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phenotypic and functional analysis of \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in the pathogenesis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 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