{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:57:54Z","timestamp":1787169474372,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vasculitis is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that causes inflammation of the blood vessels. Large vessel vasculitis is classified as either giant cell arteritis (GCA), which occurs exclusively in the elderly, or Takayasu arteritis (TAK), which mainly affects young women. Various cell types are involved in the pathogenesis of large vessel vasculitis. Among these, dendritic cells located between the adventitia and the media initiate the inflammatory cascade as antigen-presenting cells, followed by activation of macrophages and T cells contributing to vessel wall destruction. In both diseases, naive CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells are polarized to differentiate into Th1 or Th17 cells, whereas differentiation into regulatory T cells, which suppress vascular inflammation, is inhibited. Skewed T cell differentiation is the result of aberrant intracellular signaling, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) or the Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways. It has also become clear that tissue niches in the vasculature fuel activated T cells and maintain tissue-resident memory T cells. In this review, we outline the most recent understanding of the pathophysiology of large vessel vasculitis. Then, we provide a summary of skewed T cell differentiation in the vasculature and peripheral blood. Finally, new therapeutic strategies for correcting skewed T cell differentiation as well as aberrant intracellular signaling are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:36:38Z","timestamp":1655253398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vasculitogenic T Cells in Large Vessel Vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ryu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motomu","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00911-1","article-title":"Age as a Risk Factor in Vasculitis","volume":"44","author":"Gloor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3050","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Symptoms, Physical Signs, and Laboratory Tests for Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"180","author":"Van Der Geest","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.251.125","article-title":"High Relapse Rate in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica Despite the Combination of Immunosuppressants and Prednisolone: A Single Center Experience of 89 Patients","volume":"251","author":"Okazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-199701000-00003","article-title":"Differences in Clinical Presentation and Outcome in Different Countries for Takayasu's Arteritis","volume":"9","author":"Numano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12777","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of 95 Patients With Large Vessel Vasculitis: A Single Center Experience","volume":"19","author":"Yoshida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000847","article-title":"Updates in Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Vasculitis","volume":"34","author":"Elbendary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2013.854045","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis Is Not a Rare Complication of Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"24","author":"Watanabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.161","article-title":"Immune Mechanisms in Medium and Large-Vessel Vasculitis","volume":"9","author":"Weyand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65175-9","article-title":"Formation of New Vasa Vasorum in Vasculitis. 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