{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:31:34Z","timestamp":1767861094710,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014825","name":"Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIRAC\/BT\/NBM0095\/02\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIRAC\/BT\/NBM0095\/02\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 pandemic witnessed rapid development and use of several vaccines. In India, a country-wide immunization was initiated in January 2021. COVISHIELD, the chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccine with full-length SARS-COV-2 spike insert and COVAXIN, the whole virus-inactivated vaccines were used. To assess and compare immune response of health-care-workers to COVISHIELD (n=187) and COVAXIN (n=21), blood samples were collected pre-vaccination, 1month post-1\/post-2 doses and 6months post-dose-2 and tested for IgG-anti-SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA) and neutralizing (Nab,PRNT50) antibodies. Spike-protein-specific T cells were quantitated by IFN-\u03b3-ELISPOT. In pre-vaccination-antibody-negative COVISHIELD recipients (pre-negatives, n=120), %Nab seroconversion (median, IQR Nab titers) increased from 55.1% (16, 2.5-36.3) post-dose-1 to 95.6% (64.5, 4.5-154.2, p&amp;lt;0.001) post-dose-2 that were independent of age\/gender\/BMI. Nab response was higher among pre-positives with hybrid immunity at all-time points (p&amp;lt;0.01-0.0001) and independent of age\/gender\/BMI\/Comorbidities. Post-dose-2-seroconversion (50%, p&amp;lt;0.001) and Nab titers (6.75, 2.5-24.8, p&amp;lt;0.001) in COVAXIN-recipients were lower than COVISHIELD. COVAXIN elicited a superior IFN-\u03b3-T cell response as measured by ELISPOT (100%; 1226, 811-1532 spot forming units, SFU\/million PBMCs v\/s 57.8%; 21.7,1.6-169.2; p&amp;lt;0.001). At 6months, 28.3% (15\/53) COVISHIELD and 3\/3COVAXIN recipients were Nab-negative. T cell response remained unchanged. During immunization, COVID-19 cases were detected among COVISHIELD (n=4) and COVAXIN (n=2) recipients. At 6months, 9cases were recorded in COVISHIELD-recipients. This first-time, systematic, real-world assessment and long-term follow up revealed generation of higher neutralizing antibody titers by COVISHIELD and stronger T-cell response by COVAXIN. Diminished Nab titers at 6months emphasize early booster. Immunogenicity\/efficacy of vaccines will change with the progression of the pandemic needing careful evaluations in the field-settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T14:48:18Z","timestamp":1663944498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Immunogenicity of two COVID-19 vaccines used in India: An observational cohort study in health care workers from a tertiary care 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