{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:24:44Z","timestamp":1782908684802,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012309","name":"Royal Golden Jubilee (RGJ) Ph.D. Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#PHD\/0132\/2556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#PHD\/0132\/2556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012309","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> antiviral activities and the <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> immunomodulatory effects of <jats:italic>Houttuynia cordata<\/jats:italic> Thunb. (HC) ethanolic extracts in response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In addition, this study evaluated the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> effects of oral supplementation of HC extract on immune responses to and cross-protective efficacy of PRRSV-1 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against the highly pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV-2 challenge. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments demonstrated that HC extracted in either 50%, 70%, or 95% ethanol (referred to as HC50, HC70, and HC95, respectively) significantly interfered with PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments revealed that all HC extracts significantly enhanced mRNA expressions of type I interferon-regulated genes, type I and II interferon (IFN), and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HP-PRRSV-2-inoculated monocyte-derived macrophages. An <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> experiment included four groups of six pigs (4 weeks old; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 24). Group 1 and group 2 were vaccinated with the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine at 0 dpv (day post vaccination). Group 2 also received oral administration of HC50 extract at 0\u201349 dpv. Group 3 received the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine solvent at 0 dpv, while group 4 served as strict control. Groups 1\u20133 were challenged intranasally with HP-PRRSV-2 at 28 dpv and immune-related and clinical parameters were monitored weekly until 49 dpv. Compared to group 1, group 2 demonstrated significantly increased IFN regulatory factor 3 mRNA expression of PRRSV-recalled peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and significantly reduced HP-PRRSV-2 viremia. No difference in PRRSV-specific antibody responses, rectal temperature, clinical scores, and average daily weight gain was detected. Our study reports the immunomodulatory and anti-PRRSV potentials of HC extract in PRRSV-1 MLV-vaccinated\/HP-PRRSV-2 challenged pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.929338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T04:49:26Z","timestamp":1658119766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Oral Supplementation of Houttuynia cordata Extract Reduces Viremia in PRRSV-1 Modified-Live Virus-Vaccinated Pigs in Response to the HP-PRRSV-2 Challenge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wilawan","family":"Ruansit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasin","family":"Charerntantanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2672-z","article-title":"Reorganization and Expansion of the Nidoviral Family Arteriviridae","volume":"161","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.012","article-title":"PRRSV Structure, Replication and Recombination: Origin of Phenotype and Genotype 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