{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:20:39Z","timestamp":1790360439759,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102104, 31972175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102104, 31972175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M690854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M690854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Cronobacter<\/jats:italic> has attracted considerable attention due to its association with meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborns. Generally, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) facilitates bacterial translocation along with inflammatory responses as an endotoxin; however, the pathogenicity of <jats:italic>Cronobacter<\/jats:italic> LPS and the strategies to alleviate the toxicity were largely unknown. In this study, inflammatory responses were stimulated by <jats:uri>intraperitoneal injection<\/jats:uri> of <jats:italic>Cronobacter malonaticus<\/jats:italic> LPS into Sprague\u2013Dawley young rats. Simultaneously, <jats:italic>Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic> NCTC9343 were continuously fed through gavage for 5 days before or after injection of <jats:italic>C. malonaticus<\/jats:italic> LPS to evaluate the intervention effect of <jats:italic>B. fragilis<\/jats:italic>. We first checked the morphological changes of the ileum and colon and the intestinal microbiota and then detected the generation of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), occludin, claudin-4, and iNOs. The results indicated that <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>malonaticus<\/jats:italic> LPS exacerbated intestinal infection by altering gut microbe profile, tight junction protein expression, and releasing inflammatory factors in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Intriguingly, treatment with <jats:italic>B. fragilis<\/jats:italic> obviously diminished the pathological injuries and expression of TLR4 caused by <jats:italic>C. malonaticus<\/jats:italic> LPS while increasing gut microbes like <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>-9. We note that <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Peptoclostridium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Sutterella<\/jats:italic> might be positively related to <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>malonaticus<\/jats:italic> LPS infection, but <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>-9 was negatively correlated. The results suggested that the intestinal microbiota is an important target for the prevention and treatment of pathogenic injuries induced by <jats:italic>C. malonaticus<\/jats:italic> LPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.931871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T16:27:27Z","timestamp":1663864047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Bacteroides fragilis ameliorates Cronobacter malonaticus lipopolysaccharide-induced pathological injury through modulation of the intestinal 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