{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:38:19Z","timestamp":1787164699025,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/CD56\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Natural killer (NK) cell-like T-cells (NKT-like cells) represent &amp;lt;5% of blood lymphocytes, display a cytotoxic phenotype, and can kill various cancers. NKT-like cells can be expanded\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    into cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, however this therapeutic cell product has had mixed results against hematological malignancies in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to determine if NKT-like cells mobilized during acute cycling exercise could be used to generate more potent anti-tumor CIK cells from healthy donors. An acute exercise bout increased NKT-like cell numbers in blood 2-fold. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed that exercise mobilized NKT-like cells have an upregulation of genes and transcriptomic programs associated with enhanced anti-tumor activity, including cytotoxicity, cytokine responsiveness, and migration. Exercise, however, did not augment the\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    expansion of CIK cells or alter their surface phenotypes after 21-days of culture. CIK cells expanded at rest, during exercise (at 60% and 80% VO\n                    <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) or after (1h post) were equally capable of killing leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma target cells with and without cytokine (IL-2) and antibody (OKT3) priming\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We conclude that acute exercise in healthy donors mobilizes NKT-like cells with an upregulation of transcriptomic programs involved in anti-tumor activity, but does not augment the\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    expansion of CIK cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.938106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T17:35:46Z","timestamp":1663176946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Acute exercise mobilizes NKT-like cells with a cytotoxic transcriptomic profile but does not augment the potency of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forrest 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