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In fecal bacteriome, sepsis increased <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> and Proteobacteria but decreased Firmicutes, while fecal virome demonstrated increased <jats:italic>Podoviridae<\/jats:italic> when compared with sham feces. There was no difference in the fungal microbiome (predominant Ascomycota in both sham and CLP mice) and the abundance of all organisms between sepsis and control groups. Interestingly, the transfers of feces from CLP mice worsened sepsis severity when compared with sham fecal transplantation, as evaluated by mortality, renal injury (serum creatinine and histology), liver damage (liver enzyme and histology), spleen apoptosis, serum cytokines, endotoxemia, and bacteremia. In contrast, the transfers of fecal viral particles from sepsis mice, but not from sham mice, attenuated inflammation in CLP sepsis possibly through the decrease in several fecal pathogenic bacteria (such as Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Prevotellaceae) as evaluated by fecal microbiome analysis. Perhaps the isolation of favorable bacteriophages in sepsis feces and increased abundance <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> before oral treatment in a high concentration are beneficial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.940935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T12:56:50Z","timestamp":1659445010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Critical roles of sepsis-reshaped fecal virota in attenuating sepsis severity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wiwat","family":"Chancharoenthana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nattawut","family":"Sutnu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peerapat","family":"Visitchanakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vorthon","family":"Sawaswong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suwalak","family":"Chitcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunchai","family":"Payungporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schuetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus J.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asada","family":"Leelahavanichkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: Analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05581-y","article-title":"Gut leakage of fungal-derived inflammatory mediators: Part of a gut-Liver-Kidney axis in bacterial sepsis","volume":"64","author":"Amornphimoltham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1178-5","article-title":"Gut-origin sepsis in the critically ill patient: Pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"46","author":"Assimakopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00891","article-title":"Challenge to the intestinal mucosa during sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Haussner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.898326","article-title":"Surface area of the digestive tract - revisited","volume":"49","author":"Helander","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? 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