{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:55:02Z","timestamp":1792788902736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014034","name":"Foundation for Research in Rheumatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a very common rheumatic inflammatory disease, current insight into the pathobiology of PMR is limited and largely based on studies in blood. We investigated T helper 1 (T<jats:sub>H1<\/jats:sub>) and T helper 17 (T<jats:sub>H17<\/jats:sub>) cell responses in blood, synovial fluid and bursa tissue of patients with PMR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood samples were collected from 18 patients with new-onset PMR and 32 healthy controls. Synovial fluid was aspirated from the inflamed shoulder bursae or biceps tendon sheath of 13 patients. Ultrasound-guided biopsies of the subacromial-subdeltoid (SASD) bursa were obtained from 11 patients. T cells were examined by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Besides an increase of T<jats:sub>H17<\/jats:sub> (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-17<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>) cells and T cytotoxic 17 (T<jats:sub>C17<\/jats:sub>; CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-17<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>) cells, no other major changes were noted in the circulating T cell compartment of patients with PMR. Absolute numbers of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were similar in blood and synovial fluid of patients with PMR. Synovial fluid T cells showed an effector-memory (CD45RO<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CCR7<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>) phenotype. Percentages of T<jats:sub>H1<\/jats:sub> (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-17<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>) cells and T<jats:sub>H1<\/jats:sub>\/T<jats:sub>H17<\/jats:sub> (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>IL-17<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) cells, but not T<jats:sub>H17<\/jats:sub> or T<jats:sub>C17<\/jats:sub> cells, were increased in the synovial fluid. Bursa tissue biopsies contained a small number of T cells, which were mostly CD8 negative. The majority of bursa tissue T cells produced IFN-\u03b3 but not IL-17. For comparison, B cells were scarcely detected in the bursa tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the circulating T<jats:sub>H17<\/jats:sub> cell pool is expanded in patients with PMR, our findings indicate that T<jats:sub>H1<\/jats:sub> cells are involved in the inflammation of bursae and tendon sheaths in this condition. Our study points towards the T<jats:sub>H1<\/jats:sub> cell pathway as a potential target for therapy in PMR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.943574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T04:56:34Z","timestamp":1660193794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Contribution of pathogenic T helper 1 and 17 cells to bursitis and tenosynovitis in polymyalgia rheumatica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rosanne D.","family":"Reitsema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William F.","family":"Jiemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieske","family":"Wekema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke M. 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