{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:24:34Z","timestamp":1791498274499,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and immune-mediated mechanism is considered to be crucial to pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the role of humoral immune regulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Firstly, we performed a series of bioinformatic analyses utilizing the expression profile of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) obtained from the GEO database (GSE100054, GSE49126, and GSE22491) to identify differentially expressed genes related to humoral immune regulatory mechanisms between PD and healthy controls. Subsequently, we verified the results using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in clinical blood specimen. Lastly, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic effects of verified molecules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained 13 genes that were mainly associated with immune-related biological processes in PD using bioinformatic analysis. Then, we selected PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 for further exploration. Fascinatingly, our experimental results don\u2019t always coincide with the expression profile. PROS1 and LCN2 plasma levels were significantly higher in PD patients compared to controls (p &amp;lt; 0.01 and p &amp;lt; 0.0001). However, the PPBP plasma level and expression in the PBMC of PD patients was significantly decreased compared to controls (p &amp;lt; 0.01 and p &amp;lt; 0.01). We found that PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.663 (95%CI: 0.551\u20130.776), 0.674 (95%CI: 0.569\u20130.780), and 0.885 (95%CI: 0.814\u20130.955). Furthermore, in the biological process analysis of gene ontology (GO), the three molecules were all involved in humoral immune response (GO:0006959).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In general, PPBP, PROS1, and LCN2 were identified and validated to be related to PD and PPBP, LCN2 may potentially be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PD. Our findings also provide some new insights on the humoral immune modulation mechanisms in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.948615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T06:22:51Z","timestamp":1663222971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Identification and validation of key molecules associated with humoral immune modulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease based on 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