{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:45:50Z","timestamp":1777268750437,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>More than two years after the start of COVID-19 pandemic, Africa still lags behind in terms vaccine distribution. This highlights the predicament of Africa in terms of vaccine development, deployment, and sustainability, not only for COVID-19, but for other major infectious diseases that plague the continent. This opinion discusses the challenges Africa faces in its race to vaccinate its people, and offers recommendations on the way forward. Specifically, to get out of the ongoing vaccine shortage trap, Africa needs to diversify investment not only to COVID-19 but also other diseases that burden the population. The continent needs to increase its capacity to acquire vaccines more equitably, improve access to technologies to enable local manufacture of vaccines, increase awareness on vaccines both in rural and urban areas to significantly reduce disease incidence of COVID-19 and as well as other prevalent diseases on the African continent such as HIV and TB. Such efforts will go a long way to reduce the disease burden in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.955168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T05:30:57Z","timestamp":1670218257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["COVID-19 vaccinology landscape\u00a0in\u00a0Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanushka","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Suliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nepolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard N.","family":"Kanoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Gitaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oyedemi Mbaebie","family":"Blessing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shymaa","family":"Enany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"COVID-19 vaccination in the WHO African region","year":"2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S347669","article-title":"A global map of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates per country: An updated concise narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Sallam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1086","article-title":"Return on investment from childhood immunization in low- and middle-income countries, 2011-20","volume":"35","author":"Ozawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2015.101","article-title":"Management matters: A leverage point for health systems strengthening in global health","volume":"4","author":"Bradley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"The vaccine alliance progress report 2019","year":"2020"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Global vaccine action plan 2011-2020 - review and lessons learned","year":"2019"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010066","article-title":"Managing the challenges associated with decreasing demand for COVID-19 vaccination in central and West Asia","volume":"7","author":"Bongers","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3341","article-title":"Solidarity across borders: A pragmatic need for global COVID-19 vaccine equity","volume":"37","author":"Obinna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"B9","article-title":"Vaccination in developing countries: Problems, challenges, and opportunities","volume-title":"Global perspective in health","author":"Pang","year":"2007"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00056","article-title":"Vaccine production in Africa: A feasible business model for capacity building and sustainable new vaccine introduction","volume":"7","author":"Makenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00005-5","article-title":"The lancet global health commission on financing primary health care: putting people at the centre","volume":"10","author":"Hanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-017-9229-5","article-title":"Challenges for nationwide vaccine delivery in African countries","volume":"18","author":"Songane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Health Econ Manag"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Keeping children healthy; 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