{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:14:24Z","timestamp":1793121264812,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis<\/jats:italic>, a ciliated parasite causing ichthyophthiriasis (white spot disease) in freshwater fishes, results in significant economic loss to the aquaculture sector. One of the important predisposing factors for ichthyophthiriasis is low water temperature (i.e., below 20\u00b0C), which affects the health and makes freshwater fishes more susceptible to parasitic infections. During ichthyophthiriasis, fishes are stressed and acute immune reactions are compromised, which enables the aquatic bacterial pathogens to simultaneously infect the host and increase the severity of disease. In the present work, we aimed to understand the parasite\u2013bacteria co-infection mechanism in fish. Later, <jats:italic>Curcuma longa<\/jats:italic> (turmeric) essential oil was used as a promising management strategy to improve immunity and control co-infections in fish. A natural outbreak of <jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic> was reported (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) in <jats:italic>Pangasianodon hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic> from a culture facility of ICAR-CIFRI, India. The fish showed clinical signs including hemorrhage, ulcer, discoloration, and redness in the body surface. Further microbiological analysis revealed that <jats:italic>Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:italic> was associated (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) with the infection and mortality of <jats:italic>P. hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic>, confirmed by hemolysin and survival assay. This created a scenario of co-infections, where both infectious agents are active together, causing ichthyophthiriasis and motile <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic> septicemia (MAS) in <jats:italic>P. hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic>. Interestingly, turmeric oil supplementation induced protective immunity in <jats:italic>P. hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic> against the co-infection condition. The study showed that <jats:italic>P. hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic> fingerlings supplemented with turmeric oil, at an optimum concentration (10 ppm), exhibited significantly increased survival against co-infection. The optimum concentration induced anti-stress and antioxidative response in fingerlings, marked by a significant decrease in cortisol and elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in treated animals as compared with the controls. Furthermore, the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric oil increases both non-specific and specific immune response, and significantly higher values of immune genes (interleukin-1\u03b2, transferrin, and C3), HSP70, HSP90, and IgM were observed in <jats:italic>P. hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic> treatment groups. Our findings suggest that <jats:italic>C. longa<\/jats:italic> (turmeric) oil modulates stress, antioxidant, and immunological responses, probably contributing to enhanced protection in <jats:italic>P. hypophthalmus<\/jats:italic>. Hence, the application of turmeric oil treatment in aquaculture might become a management strategy to control co-infections in fishes. However, this hypothesis needs further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.956478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T05:53:26Z","timestamp":1662098006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Outbreak of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis associated with Aeromonas hydrophila in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: The role of turmeric oil in enhancing immunity and inducing resistance against co-infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. K.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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