{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:45:45Z","timestamp":1785293145216,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006502","name":"Fakultu Agrobiologie, Potravinov\u00fdch a Pr\u00edrodn\u00edch Zdroj\u016f, \u010cesk\u00e1 Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 Univerzita v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The highly infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a new coronavirus that has been spreading since late 2019 and has caused millions of deaths worldwide. COVID-19 continues to spread rapidly worldwide despite high vaccination coverage; therefore, it is crucial to focus on prevention. Most patients experience only mild symptoms of COVID-19. However, in some cases, serious complications can develop mainly due to an exaggerated immune response; that is, a so-called cytokine storm, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, organ failure, or, in the worst cases, death. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites can modulate inflammatory responses, thus reducing the over-release of cytokines. It has been hypothesized that supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids could improve clinical outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Some clinical trials have shown that administering n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to critically ill patients can improve their health and shorten the duration of their stay in intensive care. However, previous clinical studies have some limitations; therefore, further studies are required to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T06:36:24Z","timestamp":1664260584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may affect the course of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Barbora","family":"Lampova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Doskocil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Kourimska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Kopec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093104","article-title":"Functional role of dietary intervention to improve the outcome of covid-19: A hypothesis of work","volume":"21","author":"Messina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.08.003","article-title":"Immune-boosting role of vitamins d, c, e, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: Could they help against covid-19","volume":"143","author":"Shakoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107703","article-title":"Can n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids be considered a potential adjuvant therapy for covid-19-associated cardiovascular complications","volume":"219","author":"Darwesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2020.61.3.1530","article-title":"Determine the most common clinical symptoms in covid-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Alimohamadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2016259","article-title":"Putting the public back in public health - surveying symptoms of covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13620","article-title":"Is loss of sense of smell a diagnostic marker in covid-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Rocke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin otolaryngology Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2021.102250","article-title":"Blood omega-3 fatty acids and death from covid-19: A pilot study","volume":"166","author":"Asher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in wuhan, China: A descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical Features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with covid-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with covid-19 in wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13271","article-title":"The first, holistic immunological model of covid-19: implications for prevention, diagnosis, and public health measures","volume":"31","author":"Matricardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe covid-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","article-title":"The role of cytokines including interleukin-6 in covid-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease","volume":"19","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.04.002","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a potential biomarker of covid-19 progression","volume":"50","author":"Ulhaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-021-00165-0","article-title":"Nutrition and immunity: Lessons for covid-19","volume":"11","author":"Calder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000085","article-title":"Nutrition, immunity and covid-19","volume":"3","author":"Calder","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr Prev Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.08.010","article-title":"Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance","volume":"1851","author":"Calder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.10.026","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Langlois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.10.001","article-title":"Modulation of host defence against bacterial and viral infections by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"73","author":"Husson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.09.003","article-title":"May omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation help reduce severe complications in covid-19 patients","volume":"179","author":"Weill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003","article-title":"The cytokine storm in covid-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine\/chemokine-receptor system","volume":"53","author":"Coperchini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume":"1282","author":"Fehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032498","article-title":"The severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"349","author":"Peiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.628370","article-title":"A review of SARS-CoV2: Compared with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2020.52.4.478","article-title":"Omega 3 fatty acids and covid-19: a comprehensive review","volume":"52","author":"Hathaway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.552909","article-title":"Comparative review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza a respiratory viruses","volume":"11","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.101520","article-title":"MERS-CoV as an emerging respiratory illness: a review of prevention methods","volume":"32","author":"Baharoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2","article-title":"Chapter 4 - coronavirus pathogenesis","volume-title":"Advances in virus research.","author":"Weiss","year":"2011"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.08.026","article-title":"Importance of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains in the interaction of the s protein of SARS-coronavirus with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"381","author":"Glende","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"Chapter 18 - inflammation in systemic immune diseases: Role of Tlr9 signaling and the resultant oxidative stress in pathology of lupus","volume-title":"Immunity and inflammation in health and disease","author":"Biswas","year":"2018"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-em structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.05.012","article-title":"Sars-Cov-2 entry in host cells-multiple targets for treatment and prevention","volume":"175","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(07)70265-7","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions in sepsis","volume":"8","author":"van der Poll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4544-8","article-title":"Understanding host-pathogen interaction","volume":"42","author":"Asehnoune","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.015","article-title":"In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with covid-19","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.007","article-title":"Dysregulated type I interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-Infected mice","volume":"19","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127925","article-title":"Damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns play differential roles in late mortality after critical illness","volume":"4","author":"Eppensteiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)13413-7","article-title":"Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Nicholls","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10444","article-title":"Overview of the pathogenesis of covid-19 (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685","article-title":"Coronavirus infections and immune responses","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14830","article-title":"Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0188","article-title":"Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"58","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100057","article-title":"Viral sepsis is a complication in patients with novel corona virus disease (Covid-19)","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82862-5","article-title":"Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with covid-19","volume":"11","author":"Elezkurtaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73136-7","article-title":"Analysis of the clinical characteristics of 77 covid-19 deaths","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23812\/conti-e","article-title":"Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il-1 and il-6) and lung inflammation by coronavirus-19 (Covi-19 or SARS-CoV-2): Anti-inflammatory strategies","volume":"34","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108393","article-title":"The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): The perspectives of clinical immunologists from China","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R100062200","article-title":"The biochemistry of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"277","author":"Jump","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000365423","article-title":"Introduction to fatty acids and lipids","volume":"112","author":"Burdge","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2013.03.010","article-title":"Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"89","author":"Schuchardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-416003-3.00013-5","article-title":"Health benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid","volume":"65","author":"Siriwardhana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158662","article-title":"Comparative anti-inflammatory effects of plant- and marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids explored in an endothelial cell line","volume":"1865","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Cell Biol Lipids."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1461","article-title":"Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3408","article-title":"Scientific opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the european union","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.e15121","article-title":"Dietary reference values for nutrients","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Summary Rep EFSA Supporting Publ"},{"key":"B60","article-title":"Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. report of an expert consultation","author":"Joint","year":"2010"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000456723","article-title":"Systematic review on n-3 and n-6 pufa intake in european countries in light of the current recommendations\u2013focus on specific population groups","volume":"70","author":"Sioen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-31","article-title":"U.S. adults are not meeting recommended levels for fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake: results of an analysis using observational data from nhanes 2003-2008","volume":"13","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"B63","article-title":"Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids by pregnant women","volume":"94","author":"Harton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Probl Hig Epidemiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2012.07.002","article-title":"Total fats and fatty acids consumption by sportsmen practicing slalom canoe and sport-shooting","volume":"28","author":"Nowacka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Sports"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16512235.2017.1281916","article-title":"Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, brain function and mental health","volume":"28","author":"Bentsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Ecol Health Dis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.1.152","article-title":"Subdural hematoma after a fall in an elderly patient taking high-dose omega-3 fatty acids with warfarin and aspirin: case report and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"McClaskey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2018.04.016","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid regulates the formation of lipid rafts: A unified view from experiment and simulation","volume":"1860","author":"Wassall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.667024","article-title":"Alteration in the lipid profile and the desaturases activity in patients with severe pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"P\u00e9rez-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184510","article-title":"Endogenous n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial to dampen CD8(+) T cell-mediated inflammatory response upon the viral infection in mice","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08015-x","article-title":"Srebp-dependent lipidomic reprogramming as a broad-spectrum antiviral target","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63438-2.00006-7","article-title":"Chapter 6 - fatty acid desaturation and elongation in mammals","volume-title":"Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes","author":"Bond","year":"2016"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-5140-1.00037-7","article-title":"Chapter 37 - lipids and disorders of lipoprotein metabolism","volume-title":"Clinical biochemistry: Metabolic and clinical aspects","author":"Bayly","year":"2014"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1520S","article-title":"N-3 fatty acids and gene expression","volume":"83","author":"Deckelbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci15593","article-title":"Srebps: Activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver","volume":"109","author":"Horton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.33.21402","article-title":"Oleate potentiates oxysterol inhibition of transcription from sterol regulatory element-1-regulated promoters and maturation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins","volume":"273","author":"Thewke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.40.25537","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease expression of promoters with sterol regulatory elements by decreasing levels of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein","volume":"273","author":"Worgall","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007273200","article-title":"Unsaturated fatty acids down-regulate srebp isoforms 1a and 1c by two mechanisms in HEK-293 cells","volume":"276","author":"Hannah","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0264465","article-title":"Free fatty acids modulate intermembrane trafficking of cholesterol by increasing lipid mobilities: novel 13c NMR analyses of free cholesterol partitioning","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102393200","article-title":"Unsaturated fatty acid-mediated decreases in sterol regulatory element-mediated gene transcription are linked to cellular sphingolipid metabolism","volume":"277","author":"Worgall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00129a005","article-title":"Effects of a sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor on membrane transport through the secretory pathway","volume":"31","author":"Rosenwald","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.0000125703.20434.4d","article-title":"Ceramide synthesis correlates with the posttranscriptional regulation of the sterol-regulatory element-binding protein","volume":"24","author":"Worgall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041362","article-title":"Marine omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids for cardiovascular health: an update for 2020","volume":"21","author":"Innes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3859","article-title":"Eicosanoid storm in infection and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Dennis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2008.08.005","article-title":"Arachidonic-acid-derived eicosanoids: roles in biology and immunopathology","volume":"14","author":"Harizi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00348","article-title":"Incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into human skeletal muscle sarcolemmal and mitochondrial membranes following 12 weeks of fish oil supplementation","volume":"10","author":"Gerling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.08.006","article-title":"Protectins and maresins: new pro-resolving families of mediators in acute inflammation and resolution bioactive metabolome","volume":"1851","author":"Serhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta - Mol Cell Biol Lipids."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110340","article-title":"Pro resolving inflammatory effects of the lipid mediators of omega 3 fatty acids and its implication in SARS covid-19","volume":"145","author":"Regidor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.4","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Basil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2004.03.005","article-title":"Resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins, novel omega-3-derived mediators, and their aspirin-triggered endogenous epimers: An overview of their protective roles in catabasis","volume":"73","author":"Serhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2294","article-title":"Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators","volume":"8","author":"Serhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00257","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation in obesity-induced liver disease","volume":"3","author":"Rius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(20)30148-0","article-title":"Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Schulze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107553","article-title":"Fish oil reduces subclinical inflammation, insulin resistance, and atherogenic factors in overweight\/obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A pre-post pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"key":"B94","article-title":"Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, c-reactive protein and interleukin-2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"53","author":"Malekshahi Moghadam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Singap Med J"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.03.010","article-title":"Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid reduces high levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines in aging adults: A randomized, controlled study","volume":"132","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.027","article-title":"The lipid mediator protectin d1 inhibits influenza virus replication and improves severe influenza","volume":"153","author":"Morita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302795","article-title":"The specialized proresolving mediator 17-hdha enhances the antibody-mediated immune response against influenza virus: a new class of adjuvant","volume":"193","author":"Ramon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56556-y","article-title":"Potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects provided by omega-3 (DHA) against zika virus infection in human SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"9","author":"Braz de Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury","volume":"353","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/653750","article-title":"The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review","volume":"2015","author":"Garc\u00eda de Acilu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-44887-1.00038-9","article-title":"38 - acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume-title":"Kendig's disorders of the respiratory tract in children","author":"Kornecki","year":"2019"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-20-54","article-title":"Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome in the injured patient","volume":"20","author":"Bakowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: Causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1804365","article-title":"Mortality in covid-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and corticosteroids use: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Hasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Ccm.0000206111.23629.0a","article-title":"Benefit of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid in ventilated patients with acute lung injury","volume":"34","author":"Singer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607108324203","article-title":"The use of an inflammation-modulating diet in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of outcome data","volume":"32","author":"Pontes-Arruda","year":"2008","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-015-0087-2","article-title":"Effect of enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Shirai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5681\/apb.2014.082","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on ards: A randomized double-blind study","volume":"4","author":"Parish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2021.10.001","article-title":"Sepsis 2021: A review","volume":"22","author":"Wentowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Ccm.0000234033.65657.B6","article-title":"Effects of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"34","author":"Pontes-Arruda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejccm.2013.11.002","article-title":"Impact of oral omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in early sepsis on clinical outcome and immunomodulation","volume":"1","author":"Hosny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-018-0356-8","article-title":"Correlation analysis of omega-3 fatty acids and mortality of sepsis and sepsis-induced ARDS in adults: data from previous randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520953684","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is associated with favorable outcomes in patients with sepsis: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Res"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2014.03.004","article-title":"[the effect of \u03a9-3 fatty acid supplementation in parenteral nutrition on the outcome of patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis]","volume":"26","author":"Mo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02795-5","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical and biochemical parameters of critically ill patients with covid-19: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Doaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14854","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation improve clinical symptoms in patients with covid-19: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Sedighiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"B117","volume-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA-FFA) gastro-resistant capsules to treat hospitalised subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2","year":"2020"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology","volume":"75","author":"Calder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1871","article-title":"Parenteral fish-oil emulsions in critically ill covid-19 emulsions","volume":"44","author":"Bistrian","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198902023200501","article-title":"The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells","volume":"320","author":"Endres","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533609339071","article-title":"Fish oil lipid emulsions and immune response: what clinicians need to know","volume":"24","author":"Waitzberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957518\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T06:36:45Z","timestamp":1664260605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957518\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957518","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"article-number":"957518"}}