{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:03:05Z","timestamp":1761897785379,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 1988 and 2012, prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) increased in the U.S., especially in adolescents and non-Hispanic Whites. Female predominance of ANA suggests a role for hormonal factors, including xenobiotic exposures that may disrupt endocrine signaling. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one such chemical with increasing exposure through sunscreen use. We investigated whether urinary BP-3 levels were related to ANA in adolescents and young adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a sample of 1,785 individuals ages 12-39 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2003-4, 2011-12), we examined cross-sectional associations of ANA (N=192; 3+ or 4+ at the 1:80 dilution, measured by HEp-2 immunofluorescence) with urinary BP-3, and other phenols bisphenol-A, triclosan, and parabens. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) were calculated in season-stratified models [winter (November-April) and summer (May-October)], given differences in sunscreen use and BP-3 concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>BP-3 concentrations (detected in &amp;gt;98.5% of individuals) did not differ by ANA positivity in the summer (geometric mean, GM 30.6 ng\/ml ANA-positive vs. 35.3 ANA-negative; GM ratio 1.15), but in winter were higher among ANA-positives (50.2 vs. 20.1 ANA-negative; GM ratio 2.50). ANA was associated with log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>BP-3 in winter (POR 1.57; 95%CI 1.07-2.30 per unit increase) but not summer (0.94; 0.61, 1.44; interaction p=0.09). Triclosan, parabens, and bisphenol-A levels were unrelated to ANA overall or by season (ORs 0.64 to 1.33).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association of urinary BP-3 with ANA in the winter may reflect different exposure patterns or unmeasured confounders. Findings warrant replication in prospective studies and including past and year-round exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.958527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T06:46:21Z","timestamp":1663051581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Benzophenone-3 and antinuclear antibodies in U.S. adolescents and adults ages 12-39 years"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christine G.","family":"Parks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen C. 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