{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T23:09:37Z","timestamp":1773184177730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Brucella canis<\/jats:italic> is the cause of canine brucellosis, a globally distributed, zoonotic pathogen which primarily causes disease in dogs. <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic> is unique amongst the zoonotic <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. with its rough lipopolysaccharide, a trait typically associated with attenuation in gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, no vaccine is available against <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>, and vaccine development is hampered by a limited understanding of the immune response required to combat it and the course of infection following a physiologically relevant, mucosal route of inoculation. To address these concerns and analyze the impact of the rough phenotype on the immune response, we infected mice intratracheally with rough <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic> or smooth <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>. Bacterial colonization and histologic lesions were assessed in systemic target organs as well as locally in the lungs and draining mediastinal lymph node. Mice were also reinfected with <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> following antibiotic treatment and cytokine production by T lymphocytes in the lung and spleen was assessed by flow cytometry to investigate the memory immune response. Despite its rough phenotype, <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic> established a persistent infection at the same level of colonization as the smooth strains. However, <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic> induced significantly less granulomatous inflammation in the spleen as well as a lack of bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia in the lungs. These differences coincided with increased IL-10 and decreased IFN-\u03b3 in the spleen of <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic>-infected mice. Previous exposure to all <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> strains provided protection against colonization following secondary challenge, although induction of IFN-\u03b3 by T lymphocytes was seen only in the lungs during <jats:italic>B. canis<\/jats:italic> infection while the smooth strains induced this cytokine in the spleen as well. Neither <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> strain induced significant polyfunctional T lymphocytes, a potential immunomodulatory mechanism that appears to be independent of lipopolysaccharide phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T02:09:11Z","timestamp":1660183751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Primary and memory immune responses against rough Brucella canis are less robust compared to smooth B. abortus and B. melitensis following intratracheal infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lauren W.","family":"Stranahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Garcia-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha 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