{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:00:22Z","timestamp":1783702822315,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012680","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>V\u03b39V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells are a major innate T cell subset in human peripheral blood. Their V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>VDJ-rearrangements are short and simple in the fetal thymus and gradually increase in diversity and CDR3 length along with development. So-called \u201cpublic\u201d versions of V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs are shared among individuals of all ages. However, it is unclear whether such frequently occurring \u201cpublic\u201d V\u03b39V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell clones are derived from the fetal thymus and whether they are fitter to proliferate and persist than infrequent \u201cprivate\u201d clones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shared \u201cpublic\u201d V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs were identified from V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCR-repertoires collected from 89 individuals, including newborns (cord blood), infants, and adults (peripheral blood). Distance matrices of V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CDR3 were generated by TCRdist3 and then embedded into a UMAP for visualizing the heterogeneity of V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CDR3 distance matrix embedded by UMAP revealed that the heterogeneity of V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs is primarily determined by the J-usage and CDR3aa length, while age or publicity-specific motifs were not found. The most prevalent public V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs showed germline-like rearrangement with low N-insertions. Age-related features were also identified. Public V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>TRDJ1<\/jats:italic>TCRs from cord blood showed higher N-insertions and longer CDR3 lengths. Synonymous codons resulting from VDJ rearrangement also contribute to the generation of public V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs. Each public TCR was always produced by multiple different transcripts, even with different D gene usage, and the publicity of V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs was positively associated with expansion status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>To conclude, the heterogeneity of V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs is mainly determined by<jats:italic>TRDJ<\/jats:italic>-usage and the length of CDR3aa sequences. Public V\u03b42<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>TCRs result from germline-like rearrangement and synonymous codons, associated with a higher expansion status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.960920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T04:38:56Z","timestamp":1664253536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Systematic pattern analyses of V\u03b42+ TCRs reveal that shared \u201cpublic\u201d V\u03b42+ \u03b3\u03b4 T cell clones are a consequence of rearrangement bias and a higher expansion 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