{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:30:56Z","timestamp":1783002656839,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bladder carcinoma (BLCA) is a heterogeneous disease that makes it difficult to achieve proper individual treatment and predict prognosis. This study aimed to develop a risk score from a new perspective of pyroptosis and guide accurate treatment and prognosis prediction for BLCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The TCGA-BLCA cohort data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Two external validation cohorts were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Another independent validation cohort (the Xiangya cohort) was recruited from our hospital. The least absolute shrinkage and selector operation (LASSO) algorithm and Cox regression models were used to establish the pyroptosis risk score. Thereafter, we correlated the pyroptosis risk score with prognosis, tumor microenvironment (TME) immune hallmarks, and multiple treatments, including anticancer immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pyroptosis risk score was an independent prognostic predictor of BLCA. We found that the activities of multiple steps of the anticancer immune response cycle, such as the release of cancer cell antigens, CD8 T cell recruitment, and NK cell recruitment, were significantly higher in the high-risk score group than in the low-risk score group. In addition, the infiltration levels of the corresponding tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), such as CD8 T cells and NK cells, were positively correlated with the pyroptosis risk score. Thus, BLCA with a high-risk score may be associated with inflamed phenotypes. Simultaneously, the expression of multiple immune checkpoints (such as PD-L1, CTLA-4, and PD-1) and enrichment scores of gene signatures positively correlated with immunotherapy response were positively correlated with the pyroptosis risk score. Therefore, patients with a high pyroptosis risk score may be more sensitive to immunotherapy. In addition, patients with high pyroptosis risk scores may be more sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin, docetaxel, and paclitaxel. In addition, the pyroptosis risk score accurately predicted the molecular subtypes of BLCA, which were cross-validated in several independent systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study developed and validated a robust pyroptosis risk score that can predict the clinical outcomes and TME immune phenotypes of BLCA. In summary, the pyroptosis risk score helps drive precision therapy in patients with BLCA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.965469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T13:43:30Z","timestamp":1661348610000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Robust pyroptosis risk score guides the treatment options and predicts the prognosis of bladder 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