{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:56:45Z","timestamp":1753891005721,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in hundreds of millions\u00a0of infections and millions of deaths worldwide. Preliminary results exhibited excellent efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in preventing hospitalization and severe disease. However, data on inactivated vaccine-induced immune responses of naturally infected patients are limited. Here, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG (anti-S-RBD IgG) and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 wild type and variants of concerns (VOCs), as well as RBD-specific IgG-secreting B cells and antigen-specific T cells respectively in 51 SARS-CoV-2 recovered subjects and 63 healthy individuals. In SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients, a single dose vaccine is sufficient to reactivate robust anti-S-RBD IgG and NAbs. The neutralizing capacity against VOCs increased significantly post-vaccination no matter healthy individuals or SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients. In addition, RBD-specific IgG-secreting B cells in SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients were significantly higher than that in healthy vaccine recipients. After the vaccine booster, the frequencies of specific IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell, IL-2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell, and TNF-\u03b1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell responses were significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients. Our data highlighted the safety and utility of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine and demonstrated that robust humoral and cellular immune response can be reactivated by one-dose inactivated vaccine in SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.966098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T14:34:28Z","timestamp":1659364468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Robust humoral and cellular immune responses in long-term convalescent COVID-19 individuals following one-dose SARS-CoV-2 inactivated 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