{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:49:08Z","timestamp":1790866148798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) is a complex polygenic autoimmune disorder involving T-cell driven beta-cell destruction leading to hyperglycemia. There is no cure for T1D and patients rely on exogenous insulin administration for disease management. T1D is associated with specific disease susceptible alleles. However, the predisposition to disease development is not solely predicted by them. This is best exemplified by the observation that a monozygotic twin has just a 35% chance of developing T1D after their twin\u2019s diagnosis. This makes a strong case for environmental triggers playing an important role in T1D incidence. Multiple studies indicate that commensal gut microbiota and environmental factors that alter their composition might exacerbate or protect against T1D onset. In this review, we discuss recent literature highlighting microbial species associated with T1D. We explore mechanistic studies which propose how some of these microbial species can modulate adaptive immune responses in T1D, with an emphasis on T-cell responses. We cover topics ranging from gut-thymus and gut-pancreas communication, microbial regulation of peripheral tolerance, to molecular mimicry of islet antigens by microbial peptides. In light of the accumulating evidence on commensal influences in neonatal thymocyte development, we also speculate on the link between molecular mimicry and thymic selection in the context of T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we explore how these observations could inform future therapeutic approaches in this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T08:42:51Z","timestamp":1660812171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Host-microbiota interactions shaping T-cell response and tolerance in type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shubhabrata","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Bettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.16","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Katsarou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2023","article-title":"Identification of novel t1d risk loci and their association with age and islet function at diagnosis in autoantibody-positive t1d individuals: based on a two-stage genome-wide association study","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30582-7","article-title":"Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes","volume":"387","author":"Pociot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00078\/full","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota and environmental factors in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Dedrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221682","article-title":"Concordance for type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Kaprio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262007","article-title":"Diabetes in identical twins","volume":"20","author":"Barnett","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051626","article-title":"Heterogeneity of type i diabetes: analysis of monozygotic twins in great britain and the united states","volume":"44","author":"Redondo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.08.019","article-title":"The importance of the non obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model in autoimmune diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000329169","article-title":"Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Implications for incidence trends","volume":"76","author":"Knip","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12023","article-title":"The \u2018Hygiene hypothesis\u2019 and the sharp gradient in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases between Russian karelia and Finland","volume":"121","author":"Kondrashova","year":"2013","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.111","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals","volume":"18","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0880","article-title":"Introducing the endotype concept to address the challenge of disease heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Battaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050177","article-title":"Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08377-w","article-title":"Trait-based community assembly and succession of the infant gut microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Guittar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"De Filippo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0620-2","article-title":"The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"Vatanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3274-0","article-title":"Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children","volume":"57","author":"De Goffau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1847","article-title":"Alterations in intestinal microbiota correlate with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Alkanani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.001","article-title":"The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Kostic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-46","article-title":"Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Murri","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0526","article-title":"Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with b-cell autoimmunity and those without","volume":"62","author":"De Goffau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.030","article-title":"Bifidobacteria-mediated immune system imprinting early in life","volume":"184","author":"Henrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B24","article-title":"Infant Feeding and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Two Large Scandinavian Birth Cohorts","volume":"40","author":"Lund-Blix","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care [Internet]"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-022-00470-z","article-title":"Breastfeeding, nutrition and type 1 diabetes: a case-control study in Izmir, Turkey","volume":"17","author":"\u00c7i\u00e7ekli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Virtanen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia [Internet]"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aao4013","article-title":"Islet-reactive CD8 + T cell frequencies in the pancreas, but not in blood, distinguish type 1 diabetic patients from healthy donors","volume":"3","author":"Culina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.022","article-title":"A gut microbial mimic that hijacks diabetogenic autoreactivity to suppress colitis","volume":"171","author":"Hebbandi Nanjundappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350801","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.22.350801v2","article-title":"A gut microbial peptide and molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes","author":"Girdhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.061","article-title":"An il-23r\/il-22 circuit regulates epithelial serum amyloid a to promote local effector th17 responses","volume":"163","author":"Sano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108924108","article-title":"Naturally transmitted segmented filamentous bacteria segregate with diabetes protection in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"108","author":"Kriegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323664","article-title":"Gut mucosa alterations and loss of segmented filamentous bacteria in type 1 diabetes are associated with inflammation rather than hyperglycaemia","volume":"71","author":"Rouland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-61","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and faecalibacterium prausnitzii influence the production of mucus glycans and the development of goblet cells in the colonic epithelium of a gnotobiotic model rodent","volume":"11","author":"Wrzosek","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188475","article-title":"Distinct fecal and oral microbiota composition in human type 1 diabetes, an observational study","volume":"12","author":"De Groot","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001639","article-title":"Frontiers in celiac disease: where autoimmunity and environment meet","volume":"46","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-019-01500-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid and vitamin production potentials of lactobacillus isolated from fermented foods of khasi tribes, meghalaya, India","volume":"69","author":"Hati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001864","article-title":"Inhibition of type 1 diabetes correlated to a lactobacillus johnsonii n6.2-mediated th17 bias","volume":"186","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010507","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii n6.2 mitigates the development of type 1 diabetes in bb-dp rats","volume":"5","author":"Valladares","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09646","article-title":"Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate","volume":"469","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7745","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02470-13","article-title":"Differential induction of antimicrobial regiii by the intestinal microbiota and bifidobacterium breve ncc2950","volume":"79","author":"Natividad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01087-19","article-title":"Bifidobacterium dentium fortifies the intestinal mucus layer via autophagy and calcium signaling pathways","volume":"10","author":"Engevik","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314508","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila induces gut microbiota remodelling and controls islet autoimmunity in NOD mice","volume":"67","author":"H\u00e4nninen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-talk between akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity","volume":"110","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2564-7","article-title":"Early life treatment with vancomycin propagates akkermansia muciniphila and reduces diabetes incidence in the NOD mouse","volume":"55","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160526","article-title":"Microbial antigen mimics activate diabetogenic CD8 T cells in NOD mice","volume":"213","author":"Tai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803124105","article-title":"The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Johansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.118","article-title":"GPR43 mediates microbiota metabolite SCFA regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in intestinal epithelial cells via activation of mTOR and STAT3","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0227-4","article-title":"IgA and the intestinal microbiota: The importance of being specific","volume":"13","author":"Pabst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0261-4","article-title":"Epithelial toll-like receptors and their role in gut homeostasis and disease","volume":"17","author":"Burgue\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.19","article-title":"Inflammasomes and intestinal inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Zmora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102674","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in type 1 diabetes: An updated comprehensive overview","volume":"122","author":"M\u00f8nsted","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0465-3","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability precedes clinical onset of type 1 diabetes","volume":"49","author":"Bosi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.276.4.G951","article-title":"Increased gastrointestinal permeability is an early lesion in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat","volume":"276","author":"Meddings","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.042481","article-title":"Enteropathy precedes type 1 diabetes in the BB rat","volume":"53","author":"Graham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500178102","article-title":"Role of the intestinal tight junction modulator zonulin in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes in BB diabetic-prone rats","volume":"102","author":"Watts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1593","article-title":"Zonulin upregulation is associated with increased gut permeability in subjects with type 1 diabetes and their relatives","volume":"55","author":"Sapone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814558116","article-title":"Loss of gut barrier integrity triggers activation of islet-reactive T cells and autoimmune diabetes","volume":"116","author":"Sorini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133926","article-title":"Remodeling of tight junctions and enhancement of barrier integrity of the caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell layer by micronutrients","volume":"10","author":"Valenzano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00219.2004","article-title":"Butyrate specifically modulates MUC gene expression in intestinal epithelial goblet cells deprived of glucose","volume":"287","author":"Gaudier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","article-title":"Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.272","article-title":"Intestinal cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide shapes a protective neonatal gut microbiota against pancreatic autoimmunity","volume":"162","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.07.013","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cells limit autoimmune diabetes via an immunoregulatory antimicrobial peptide expressed under the influence of the gut microbiota","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071022","article-title":"Developmental switch of intestinal antimicrobial peptide expression","volume":"205","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0815-371RRR","article-title":"Reg3g overexpression promotes \u03b2 cell regeneration and induces immune tolerance in nonobese-diabetic mouse model","volume":"99","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20192195","article-title":"The role of IL-22 in intestinal health and disease","volume":"217","author":"Keir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1375.001","article-title":"The type 1 diabetes genetics consortium","volume":"1079","author":"Rich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07336","article-title":"Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes","volume":"455","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.06.003","article-title":"TRIF deficiency protects non-obese diabetic mice from type 1 diabetes by modulating the gut microbiota and dendritic cells","volume":"93","author":"G\u00fclden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508740112","article-title":"Microbiota regulates type 1 diabetes through toll-like receptors","volume":"112","author":"Burrows","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.007","article-title":"Variation in microbiome LPS immunogenicity contributes to autoimmunity in humans","volume":"165","author":"Vatanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8030343","article-title":"Increased Risk of Diabetes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Korea","volume":"8","author":"Ae Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1345","article-title":"Reduction of circulating neutrophils precedes and accompanies type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Valle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1331226","article-title":"Reduced blood leukocyte and neutrophil numbers in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Harsunen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3064","article-title":"Distinct neutrophil counts and functions in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04053.x","article-title":"Gene expression profiles for the human pancreas and purified islets in Type 1 diabetes: new findings at clinical onset and in long-standing diabetes","volume":"159","author":"Planas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0480","article-title":"Increased neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 and augmented netosis are closely associated with \u03b2-cell autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.122146","article-title":"Abnormal neutrophil signature in the blood and pancreas of presymptomatic and symptomatic type 1 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Vecchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12783","article-title":"NETosis-associated serum biomarkers are reduced in type 1 diabetes in association with neutrophil count","volume":"184","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12892","article-title":"Increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps is associated with gut leakage in patients with type 1 but not type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.565981\/full","article-title":"Neutrophil-associated inflammatory changes in the pre-diabetic pancreas of early-age nod mice","volume":"12","author":"Garciafigueroa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.711423\/full","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps caused by gut leakage trigger the autoimmune response in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.153993","article-title":"Circulating platelet-neutrophil aggregates characterize the development of type 1 diabetes in humans and NOD mice","volume":"7","author":"Popp","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174623","article-title":"Inhibition of PAD4-mediated NET formation by cl-amidine prevents diabetes development in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"916","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00661","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap induced dendritic cell activation leads to th1 polarization in type 1 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Parackova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1626-y","article-title":"Gut barrier disruption by an enteric bacterial pathogen accelerates insulitis in NOD mice","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.61433","article-title":"Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide protects against enteric pathogen-accelerated type 1 diabetes in mice","volume":"12","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011353","article-title":"Pancreatic lymph nodes are required for priming of \u03b2 cell reactive t cells in nod mice","volume":"196","author":"Gagnerault","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324405","article-title":"Diabetogenic t cells are primed both in pancreatic and gut-associated lymph nodes in nod mice","volume":"33","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.45.9.1173","article-title":"Mucosa-associated (beta 7-integrinhigh) lymphocytes accumulate early in the pancreas of NOD mice and show aberrant recirculation behavior","volume":"45","author":"Hanninen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.12.6018","article-title":"Mucosal addressin is required for the development of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"160","author":"H\u00e4nninen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509006102","article-title":"Endocrine self and gut non-self intersect in the pancreatic lymph nodes","volume":"102","author":"Turley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150744","article-title":"Gut microbiota translocation to the pancreatic lymph nodes triggers NOD2 activation and contributes to T1D onset","volume":"213","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2608","article-title":"Control of pathogens and pathobionts by the gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8504","article-title":"IL-17A enhances vitamin D3-induced expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in human keratinocytes","volume":"181","author":"Peric","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.003","article-title":"Interleukin-23-independent il-17 production regulates intestinal epithelial permeability","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00596-16","article-title":"Interleukin-17a (il-17a) and il-17f are critical for antimicrobial peptide production and clearance of staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization","volume":"84","author":"Archer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415675112","article-title":"Th17 cells give rise to Th1 cells that are required for the pathogenesis of colitis","volume":"112","author":"Harbour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz3186","article-title":"Commensal epitopes drive differentiation of colonic Tregs","volume":"6","author":"Kuczma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12079","article-title":"Thymus-derived regulatory T cells contribute to tolerance to commensal microbiota","volume":"497","author":"Cebula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.021","article-title":"Intestinal bacterial colonization induces mutualistic regulatory T cell responses","volume":"34","author":"Geuking","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.014","article-title":"A weaning reaction to microbiota is required for resistance to immunopathologies in the adult","volume":"50","author":"Al Nabhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909122107","article-title":"Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota","volume":"107","author":"Round","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1056973","article-title":"A commensal symbiotic factor derived from bacteroides fragilis promotes human CD39(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and treg function","volume":"6","author":"Telesford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.29","article-title":"A polysaccharide from the human commensal bacteroides fragilis protects against CNS demyelinating disease","volume":"3","author":"Ochoa-Rep\u00e1raz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01429\/full","article-title":"Butyrate conditions human dendritic cells to prime type 1 regulatory t cells via both histone deacetylase inhibition and g protein-coupled receptor 109a signaling","volume":"8","author":"Kaisar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15099-w","article-title":"Butyrate and propionate inhibit antigen-specific CD8+ T cell activation by suppressing IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells","volume":"7","author":"Nastasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90169-4","article-title":"T Cell receptor antagonist peptides induce positive selection","volume":"76","author":"Hogquist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don't see)","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2938","article-title":"The self-obsession of T cells: how TCR signaling thresholds affect fate 'decisions' and effector function","volume":"15","author":"Hogquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.013","article-title":"Fezf2 orchestrates a thymic program of self-antigen expression for immune tolerance","volume":"163","author":"Takaba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AndersonMS SuMA AIRE expands: new roles in immune tolerance and beyond2016","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.9"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-286393","article-title":"Aire regulates the transfer of antigen from mTECs to dendritic cells for induction of thymic tolerance","volume":"118","author":"Hubert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082232","article-title":"Thymus-homing peripheral dendritic cells constitute two of the three major subsets of dendritic cells in the steady-state thymus","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900438","article-title":"Crucial contribution of thymic sirp + conventional dendritic cells to central tolerance against blood-borne antigens in a ccr2-dependent manner","volume":"183","author":"Baba","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.017","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells transport peripheral antigens to the thymus to promote central tolerance","volume":"36","author":"Hadeiba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080866","article-title":"Clonal deletion of thymocytes can occur in the cortex with no involvement of the medulla","volume":"205","author":"Mccaughtry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90160-4","article-title":"Strong agonist ligands for the T cell receptor do not mediate positive selection of functional CD8+T cells","volume":"3","author":"Hogquist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: What thymocytes see (and don\u2019t see)","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.5.1383","article-title":"Insulin expression levels in the thymus modulate insulin-specific autoreactive t-cell tolerance","volume":"51","author":"Chentoufi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0397-289","article-title":"Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus","volume":"15","author":"Vafiadis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00744.x","article-title":"Autoimmune responses to the beta cell autoantigen, insulin, and the INS VNTR-IDDM2 locus","volume":"114","author":"Sarugeri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0128","article-title":"Hybrid insulin peptides are autoantigens in type 1 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0200","article-title":"CD4 T cells reactive to hybrid insulin peptides are indicators of disease activity in the nod mouse","volume":"67","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.016","article-title":"A wave of regulatory t cells into neonatal skin mediates tolerance to commensal microbes","volume":"43","author":"Scharschmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03531-1","article-title":"Thymic development of gut-microbiota-specific T cells","volume":"594","author":"Zegarra-Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915047117","article-title":"Intestinal microbes influence development of thymic lymphocytes in early life","volume":"117","author":"Ennamorati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2719","article-title":"Microbial metabolites control the thymic development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells","volume":"366","author":"Legoux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00391-w","article-title":"MAIT cells, guardians of skin and mucosa","volume":"14","author":"Nel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0191-y","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells and disease","volume":"19","author":"Toubal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3854","article-title":"Cytotoxic and regulatory roles of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in type 1 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Rouxel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.5967","article-title":"Autoreactive T cells in healthy individuals","volume":"172","author":"Danke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5586","article-title":"The healthy exocrine pancreas contains preproinsulin-specific CD8 T cells that attack islets in type 1 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Bender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12820-3","article-title":"Dormant pathogenic CD4+ T cells are prevalent in the peripheral repertoire of healthy mice","volume":"10","author":"Cebula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115573","article-title":"Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"89","author":"Kaufman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117567","article-title":"Cellular immunity to a determinant common to glutamate decarboxylase and coxsackie virus in insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"94","author":"Atkinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071050898","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in autoimmunity: T cell crossreactivity to viral antigen and autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase","volume":"98","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900709","article-title":"Evidence for molecular mimicry between human T cell epitopes in rotavirus and pancreatic islet autoantigens","volume":"184","author":"Honeyman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.08.009","article-title":"Molecular mimicry between varicella, measles virus and Hsp60 in type 1 diabetes associated HLA-DR3\/DR4 molecules","volume":"14","author":"Meziane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705894104","article-title":"The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Wenzlau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071436","article-title":"Insights from bacteroides species in children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Matos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881433","DOI":"10.1101\/2019.12.18.881433v1","article-title":"Peripheral tolerance to insulin is encoded by mimicry in the microbiome","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00490-2","article-title":"Infection with the enteric pathogen C. rodentium promotes islet-specific autoimmunity by activating a lymphatic route from the gut to pancreatic lymph node","volume":"15","author":"P\u00f6ysti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.04.014","article-title":"Role of regulatory T cells in schistosoma-mediated protection against type 1 diabetes","volume":"491","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.03.007","article-title":"Previous contact with strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes","volume":"134","author":"Peres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.08.003","article-title":"Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms","volume":"135","author":"Osada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850541","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/850541","article-title":"Taenia crassiceps infection attenuates multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"2010","author":"Espinoza-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12353","article-title":"Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later","volume":"177","author":"Maizels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12479","article-title":"The parasite cytokine mimic hp-TGM potently replicates the regulatory effects of TGF-\u03b2 on murine CD4+ T cells","volume":"99","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01886-6","article-title":"A structurally distinct TGF-\u03b2 mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells","volume":"8","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12475","article-title":"Induction of stable human FOXP3+ tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-\u03b2 mimic","volume":"99","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838871","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens induce treg that participate in diabetes prevention in NOD mice","volume":"39","author":"Zaccone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.03.008","article-title":"Dual genetic absence of STAT6 and IL-10 does not abrogate anti-hyperglycemic effects of schistosoma mansoni in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice","volume":"177","author":"Osada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111381","article-title":"Schistosome-derived omega-1 drives Th2 polarization by suppressing protein synthesis following internalization by the mannose receptor","volume":"209","author":"Everts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.9.5374","article-title":"Naturally occurring cd4 + foxp3 + regulatory t cells are an essential, il-10-independent part of the immunoregulatory network in schistosoma mansoni egg-induced inflammation","volume":"176","author":"Baumgart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.53.1.99","article-title":"Concurrent infection with schistosoma mansoni attenuates inflammation induced changes in colonic morphology, cytokine levels, and smooth muscle contractility of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced colitis in rats","volume":"53","author":"Moreels","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00664-06","article-title":"Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by gastrointestinal helminth infection","volume":"75","author":"Saunders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.71","article-title":"Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12205","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of pregnant non-obese diabetic mice leads to altered gut microbiota and intestinal immunological changes in the offspring","volume":"80","author":"Tormo-Badia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500884","article-title":"Maternal antibiotic treatment protects offspring from diabetes development in nonobese diabetic mice by generation of tolerogenic apcs","volume":"195","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.114","article-title":"Prolonged antibiotic treatment induces a diabetogenic intestinal microbiome that accelerates diabetes in NOD mice","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16140","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.140","article-title":"Antibiotic-mediated gut microbiome perturbation accelerates development of type 1 diabetes in mice","volume":"1","author":"Livanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B168","article-title":"Antibiotic-associated manipulation of the gut microbiota and phenotypic restoration in NOD mice","volume":"67","author":"Fahey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.37816","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced acceleration of type 1 diabetes alters maturation of innate intestinal immunity","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b07701","article-title":"Butyrate ameliorates antibiotic-driven type 1 diabetes in the female offspring of nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"68","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.014","article-title":"Maternal cecal microbiota transfer rescues early-life antibiotic-induced enhancement of type 1 diabetes in mice","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01566","article-title":"Cecal butyrate (not propionate) was connected with metabolism-related chemicals of mice, based on the different effects of the two inonotus obliquus extracts on obesity and their mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1865-0","article-title":"Microbial bile acid metabolites modulate gut ROR\u03b3+ regulatory T cell homeostasis","volume":"577","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1243","article-title":"Promotion of autoimmune diabetes by cereal diet in the presence or absence of microbes associated with gut immune activation, regulatory imbalance, and altered cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide","volume":"62","author":"Patrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602073","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide cramp is essential for colon homeostasis by maintaining microbiota balance","volume":"200","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12457","article-title":"Gut immune deficits in LEW.1AR1- iddm rats partially overcome by feeding a diabetes-protective diet","volume":"145","author":"Crookshank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7569431","article-title":"Oral probiotic vsl3 prevents autoimmune diabetes by modulating microbiota and promoting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-enriched tolerogenic intestinal environment","author":"Dolpady","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636704","article-title":"IDO expands human CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells by promoting maturation of LPS-treated dendritic cells","volume":"37","author":"Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.06.009","article-title":"A distinct tolerogenic subset of splenic IDO+CD11b+ dendritic cells from orally tolerized mice is responsible for induction of systemic immune tolerance and suppression of collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"278","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00428","article-title":"Interleukin-33 ameliorates experimental colitis through promoting th2\/foxp3+ regulatory t-cell responses in mice","volume":"18","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.01.003","article-title":"Skin-derived TSLP systemically expands regulatory T cells","volume":"79","author":"Leichner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.02.001","article-title":"Retinoic acid stabilizes antigen-specific regulatory T-cell function in autoimmune hepatitis type 2","volume":"53","author":"Holder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201847121","article-title":"Retinoic acid-induced autoantigen-specific type 1 regulatory T cells suppress autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Raverdeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.13-OA-0672","article-title":"IL-33 promotes the induction and maintenance of Th2 immune responses by enhancing the function of OX40 ligand","volume":"63","author":"Murakami-Satsutani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737547","article-title":"IL-33 is a chemoattractant for human Th2 cells","volume":"37","author":"Komai-Koma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01832\/full","article-title":"Amelioration of autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice by immunomodulating probiotics","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.04.014","article-title":"Inulin fermentable fiber ameliorates type i diabetes via il22 and short-chain fatty acids in experimental models","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cmgh"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209791","article-title":"The antibacterial lectin regiii\u03b3 promotes the spatial segregation of microbiota and host in the intestine","volume":"334","author":"Vaishnava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.769341\/full","article-title":"Impact of prebiotic \u03b2-glucan treatment at juvenile age on the gut microbiota composition and the eventual type 1 diabetes onset in non-obese diabetic mice","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.02.034","article-title":"Ameliorating gut microenvironment through staphylococcal nuclease-mediated intestinal NETs degradation for prevention of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice","volume":"221","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3514-y","article-title":"The 6 year incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in genetically at-risk children: the TEDDY study","volume":"58","author":"Krischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0300","article-title":"Patterns of \u03b2-cell autoantibody appearance and genetic associations during the first years of life","volume":"62","author":"Ilonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00476-21","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of human leukocyte antigen on the human gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Andeweg","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11460-x","article-title":"Genetic risk for autoimmunity is associated with distinct changes in the human gut microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974178\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T04:37:26Z","timestamp":1676435846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974178\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":194,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"article-number":"974178"}}